0022), specialty care (p = 0.0141), diagnostic services (p < 0.0001), hospitalizations (p = 0.0069), and total charges (p < 0.0001). For female patients, the regression equation predicted 14% of the variation in total medical charges compared with 28% for males. Female patients had higher charges

for primary care (p = 0.0019), diagnostic see more services (p = 0.0005), and total charges (p = 0.0180).\n\nConclusions: Health status and patient gender were significant predictors of healthcare use and charges. The R(2) of total charges was two times higher for men vs. women. This research has policy implications for healthcare organizations in predicting the usage patterns.”
“This study was a randomized controlled trial to investigate

the effect of treating women with stress or mixed urinary incontinence (SUI or MUI) by diaphragmatic, deep abdominal and pelvic floor muscle (PFM) retraining. Seventy women were randomly allocated to the training (n = 35) or control group LDK378 cost (n = 35). Women in the training group received 8 individual clinical visits and followed a specific exercise program. Women in the control group performed self-monitored PFM exercises at home. The primary outcome measure was self-reported improvement. Secondary outcome measures were

20-min pad test, 3-day voiding diary, maximal vaginal squeeze pressure, holding time and quality of life. After a 4-month intervention period, more participants in the training group reported that they were cured or improved (p < 0.01). The cure/improved rate was above 90%. Both amount of leakage and number of leaks were significantly lower in the training group (p<0.05) but not in the control group. More aspects of quality of life improved significantly in the training group than in the control group. Maximal vaginal squeeze pressure, however, decreased CH5183284 slightly in both groups. Coordinated retraining diaphragmatic, deep abdominal and PFM function could improve symptoms and quality of life. It may be an alternative management for women with SUI or MUI. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This study investigated the effects of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) on thrombomodulin (TM) and endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) expression in sepsis-induced kidney injury. The role of HO-1 was evaluated in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced model. Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups: sham, CLP, CLP + hemin (an HO-1 inducer), CLP + ZnPP (zinc protoporphyrin IX, an HO-1 inhibitor), and CLP + bilirubin.

One immunosuppressive patient lost his life before initiation of treatment. With regard to disease progression, it was detected that two cases (of whom one was renal and one was bone marrow transplant patient) lost their lives

(mortality rate: 14%), however all the other cases were cured completely. The present study comprised the highest number of visceral leishmaniasis adult cases reported in Turkey and enabled the review of disease characteristics. In conclusion, cases presenting with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia and hypoalbuminemia check details and living in endemic regions should be precisely evaluated in terms of visceral leishmaniasis.”
“The C-3 plant Rhazya stricta is native to arid desert environment zones, where it experiences daily extremes of heat, light intensity (PAR) and high vapour pressure deficit (VPD). We measured the photosynthetic parameters

in R. stricta in its native environment to assess the mechanisms that permit it to survive in these extreme conditions. Infrared gas exchange MLN4924 in vitro analysis examined diel changes in assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (g(s)) and transpiration (E) on mature leaves of R. stricta. A/c(i) analysis was used to determine the effect of temperature on carboxylation capacity (V-c,V-max) and the light- and CO2-saturated rate of photosynthesis (A(max)). Combined chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange light response curve analysis at ambient and low oxygen showed that both carboxylation and oxygenation of Rubisco acted as the major sinks for the end products of electron transport. Physiological analysis in conjunction with gene expression analysis suggested that there are two isoforms of Rubisco activase which may provide an explanation for the ability of R. stricta to maintain Rubisco function at high temperatures. The potential to exploit

this ability to cope with extreme temperatures is discussed in the context of future crop improvement.”
“Diseases of the respiratory TGF-beta cancer tract are among the leading causes of death in the world population. Increasing evidence points to a key role of the innate immune system with its pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in both infectious and noninfectious lung diseases, which include pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute lung injury, pneumoconioses, and asthma. PRRs are capable of sensing different microbes as well as endogenous molecules that are released after cell damage. This PRR engagement is the prerequisite for the initiation of immune responses to infections and tissue injuries which can be beneficial or detrimental to the host. PRRs include the Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, RIG-I like receptors, and cytosolic DNA sensors. The PRRs and their signaling pathways represent promising targets for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions in various lung diseases.

Since Stat3 initiates its signaling activity through binding of its SH2 domain to phosphotyrosine see more residues on cell surface receptors, inhibitors targeting this region of the protein are potential chemotherapeutic agents. To date, no NMR or X-ray crystallographic structures of high-affinity phosphopeptides complexed with the Stat3 SH2 domain are available to aid in the development of peptidomimetic antagonists. Examination of the crystal structures of several STAT proteins and the complex of Stat1 with Ac-pTyr-Asp-Lys-Pro-His-NH2 led to

a hypothesis that the specificity determinant for Stat3, glutamine at position pY+3 in pTyr-Xxx-Xxx-Gln sequences, resides in a unique pocket on the protein surface at the juncture of the third strand of the central beta-sheet and a unique, STAT specific alpha-helix. Docking of Ac-pTyr-Leu-Pro-Gln-NHBn to the SH2 domain of Stat3 using molecular modeling showed that the Gln binds tightly in this pocket and Ricolinostat order participates in a network of hydrogen bonds. Novel interactions between the peptide main chain and the protein were

also discovered. Phosphopeptide structure-affinity studies using unnatural amino acids and glutamine derivatives provide evidence for the peptide-protein interactions revealed by the model and lend support to the binding hypothesis. (C) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“The key visual VX-770 purchase G protein, transducin undergoes bi-directional translocations between the outer segment (OS) and inner compartments of rod photoreceptors in a light-dependent manner thereby contributing to adaptation and neuroprotection of rods. A mammalian uncoordinated 119 protein (UNC119), also known as Retina Gene 4 protein (RG4), has been recently implicated in transducin transport to the OS in the dark through its interaction with the N-acylated GTP-bound transducin-alpha subunit (G alpha(t1)).

Here, we demonstrate that the interaction of human UNC119 (HRG4) with transducin is dependent on the N-acylation, but does not require the GTP-bound form of G alpha(t1). The lipid specificity of UNC119 is unique: UNC119 bound the myristoylated N terminus of G alpha(t1) with much higher affinity than a prenylated substrate, whereas the homologous prenyl-binding protein PrBP/delta did not interact with the myristoylated peptide. UNC119 was capable of interacting with G alpha(t1) GDP as well as with heterotrimeric transducin (G(t)). This interaction of UNC119 with G(t) led to displacement of G beta(1)gamma(1) from the heterotrimer. Furthermore, UNC119 facilitated solubilization of G(t) from dark-adapted rod OS membranes. Consistent with these observations, UNC119 inhibited rhodopsin-dependent activation of G(t), but had no effect on the GTP-hydrolysis by G alpha(t1).

\n\nMethods: lmmunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to study MUC1 expression pattern AZD5582 mw and localization in mitochondria. Coimmunoprecipitation was used to study MUC1 interaction with HSP70. MUC1 expression was correlated with other causative features including erbB2 expression.\n\nResults: MUC1 was expressed in 75.8% (147/194). MUC1 overexpression was detected in 50.0% (19/38 cases) dysplasia and 58.2% (32/55 cases) adenocarcinoma tissues. MUC1-CT-HSP70 interaction was seen in 71.66% (43/60 cases) and MUC1 localized to mitochondria in 33.33% (5/15) dysplasia samples and in 47.05% (8/17) adenocarcinoma samples. MUC1 expression showed significant association

with smoking (chi(2)=5.945; p<0.015), alcohol consumption (chi(2)=4.055; p<0.044) and erbB2 positivity (chi(2)=10.75; p<0.001). MUC1 expression did not show appreciable association with age (chi(2)=0.15; p<0.698), sex (chi(2)=0.22; p<0.640) or Helicobacter pylori infection (chi(2)=3.06; p<0.080).\n\nConclusions: Significant correlation was found between MUC1 expression and smoking, alcohol and erbB2 expression. MUC1 showed aberrant expression in dysplasia and adenocarcinoma stages. MUC1 cytosolic tail was bound by HSP70 in all the stages but MUC1-CT was found to localize in mitochondria

only in dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. MUC1-CT localization to mitochondria in dysplasia and adenocarcinoma might aid in the attenuation of epithelial stress response induced loss of polarity. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Dendritic cells (DCs) function Small molecule library cost by stimulating naive antigen-specific CD4 T cells to proliferate and see more secrete a variety of immunomodulatory factors. The ability to activate naive T cells comes from the capacity of DCs to internalize, degrade, and express peptide fragments of antigenic proteins on their surface bound to MHC class II molecules (MHC-II). Although DCs express tens of thousands of distinct MHC-II, very small amounts of specific peptide-MHC-II complexes are required to interact with and activate T cells. We now show that stimulatory MHC-II

I-Ak-HEL(46-61) complexes that move from intracellular antigen-processing compartments to the plasma membrane are not randomly distributed on the DC surface. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and quantitative immunoelectron microscopy reveal that the majority of newly generated MHC-II I-Ak-HEL(46-61) complexes are expressed in sub-100-nm microclusters on the DC membrane. These microclusters are stabilized in cholesterol-containing microdomains, and cholesterol depletion inhibits the stability of these clusters as well as the ability of the DCs to function as antigen-presenting cells. These results demonstrate that specific cohorts of peptide-MHC-II complexes expressed on the DC surface are present in cholesterol-dependent microclusters and that cluster integrity is important for antigen-specific naive CD4 T cell activation by DCs.

48xC(0.4261)x(1-e(-0.2021t)) x100%, an equation that can be used to predict the reducing sugar yield in an enzymolysis process. The RSY by enzymatic FDA-approved Drug Library ic50 loading of 35FPU/g achieved almost the highest yield after 48 h, and there was no significant improvement with further extension of the enzymolysis time. The modeling was validated within the enzymatic loading range of 15 to 35FPU/g and provided a satisfactory interpretation of the experimental data.”
“Fifty-four Caucasian parsley frogs, Pelodytes caucasicus, from Turkey were examined for helminths in 2005. Found were 1 species of Digenea, Gorgodera cygnoides; 5 species of Nematoda, Agfa tauricus, Aplectana

brumpti, Cosmocerea ornata, Oswaldocruzia filifiormis, Belnacasan and Rhabdias bufonis: and 1 species of Acanthocephala, Pseudoacanthocephala caucasicus. Pelodytes caucasicus represents a new host record for each of the parasite species; Agfa tauricas and Pseudoacanthocephala caucasicus are reported from Turkey for the first time.”
“Background: Specific morphologic features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on imaging have identifiable pathologic correlates as well as implications for altering surgical management and defining prognosis.

In this study, we compared susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) to conventional techniques and correlated our findings with histopathology to determine the role of SWI in assessing morphologic features of HCC without using a contrast agent. Methods: 86 consecutive patients with suspected HCC were imaged with MRI (including T1, T2, T2*, and SWI) and subsequently CT. 59 histologically-proven HCC lesions were identified in 53 patients. Each lesion on each imaging sequence was evaluated by two radiologists, and classified with respect to lesion morphology, signal intensity relative to surrounding hepatic parenchyma, presence of a pseudocapsule, presence of venous invasion, and internal homogeneity. Results: Histopathology confirmed pseudocapsules in 41/59 lesions. SWI was able to detect a pseudocapsule in 34/41 lesions; compared to conventional T1/T2 imaging

(12/41) and T2* (27/41). Mosaic pattern was identified in 25/59 lesions by histopathology; SWI confirmed this in all 25 lesions, compared to T1/T2 imaging (13/25) or T2* (18/25). Hemorrhage was confirmed by histopathology in 43/59 lesions, and visible MK-0518 supplier on SWI in 41/43 lesions, compared to T1/T2 (7/43) and T2* (38/43). Venous invasion was confirmed by histopathology in 31/59 patients; SWI demonstrated invasion in 28/31 patients, compared to T1/T2 (7/31) and T2* (24/31). Conclusions: SWI is better at identifying certain morphologic features such as pseudocapsule and hemorrhage than conventional MRI without using a contrast agent in HCC patients.”
“Bones are structures that give the shape and defined features to vertebrates, protect several soft organs and perform multiple endocrine influences on other organs.

Glucose tolerance was only impaired in adult males. CD-fed adult males

showed fewer entries into the aversive open arms and groomed more on the EPM, whereas adult females spent more time on these arms. In the OF, CD-fed females of both ages visited the inner zone more frequently and travelled a longer distance. The behavioural data suggests anxiolysis in CD-fed females and signs of increased anxiety in adult males. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that feeding CD leads to both obesity and behavioural changes in rats. Overall, these effects were more pronounced in older rats, with the behavioural effects being particularly gender dependent. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Aim. – To describe drugs used in the non-hormonal treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Material. – Bibliographical search was performed from the database Medline (National Sapitinib Library of Medicine, PubMed) and websites of the HAS and the ANSM. The search was focused on the characteristics,

the mode of action, the efficiency and the side effects of the various drugs concerned. Results. – The metabolic radiotherapy although under-used for this indication, kept a place at the beginning of the disease. Radium-223 chloride seems to have to occupy an important place in the coming years. The chemotherapy, the only recourse until very recently in the castration-resistant prostate cancer, must YAP-TEAD Inhibitor 1 mw redefine its place partially. The denosumab provide an interesting alternative to bisphosphonates. Conclusion. – The non-hormonal treatment of the metastatic disease Navitoclax mouse of the prostate cancer is changing rapidly with the emergence of new molecules. Urologist must know perfectly these new drugs. (C) 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“PURPOSE. To compare the changes in iris volume with pupil dilation using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) in eyes of subjects with different subtypes

of primary angle closure.\n\nMETHODS. This prospective study examined 44 fellow eyes (FA group) of subjects with previous acute primary angle closure (APAC), and 56 subjects (AC group) with chronic primary angle closure and/or primary angle closure glaucoma. All participants underwent gonioscopy and AS-OCT imaging. The iris volume, iris cross-sectional area, and pupil diameter were measured with custom semiautomated software. The main outcome variable analyzed was mean change in iris volume between light and dark conditions in a multivariate linear regression analysis.\n\nRESULTS. Thirty-five eyes from the FA group (79.5%) and 50 eyes from the AC group (89.3%) were included in the final analysis. When going from light to dark, iris volume did not change significantly in eyes in the FA group (+/- 1.50 +/- 6.73 mm(3); P = 0.19), but decreased in the AC group by 1.52 +/- 3.07 mm(3) (P < 0.001). This difference was significant (P = 0.01).

In the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, these clades were only found in warm waters with low Fe and high inorganic P levels. Genomic analysis suggests that at least one of these clades thrives in low Fe environments by scavenging organic-bound Fe, a process previously unknown in Prochlorococcus. Furthermore, the capacity to utilize organic-bound Fe appears to have

been acquired horizontally and may be exchanged among other clades of Prochlorococcus. Finally, one of the single Prochlorococcus Fer-1 mw cells sequenced contained a partial genome of what appears to be a prophage integrated into the genome. The ISME Journal (2013) 7, 184-198; doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.89; published online 16 August 2012″
“To survive in a complex world, it is important that unattended,

but salient, input can still draw one’s attention. In this article, we suggest that posterior alpha oscillations (8-13 Hz) provide a mechanism for prioritizing and ordering unattended visual input according to ‘relevance’. Gamma oscillations (30-100 Hz) that are phase-locked to the alpha oscillations keep competing unattended representations apart in time, thus creating a sequence of perceptual cycles. As inhibition gradually lowers within an alpha cycle, the ordered sequence of competing NSC23766 solubility dmso input is activated, producing a temporal phase code for saliency. The proposed mechanism is based on recent experiments indicating that the phase of alpha activity modulates perception and that alpha SCH727965 mw oscillations are produced by periodic pulses of inhibition.”
“In methanogenic Archaea, the final step of methanogenesis generates

methane and a heterodisulfide of coenzyme M and coenzyme B (CoM-S-S-CoB). Reduction of this heterodisulfide by heterodisulfide reductase to regenerate HS-CoM and HS-CoB is an exergonic process. Thauer et al. [Thauer, et al. 2008 Nat Rev Microbiol 6: 579-591] recently suggested that in hydrogenotrophic methanogens the energy of heterodisulfide reduction powers the most endergonic reaction in the pathway, catalyzed by the formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase, via flavin-based electron bifurcation. Here we present evidence that these two steps in methanogenesis are physically linked. We identify a protein complex from the hydrogenotrophic methanogen, Methanococcus maripaludis, that contains heterodisulfide reductase, formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase, F(420)-nonreducing hydrogenase, and formate dehydrogenase. In addition to establishing a physical basis for the electron-bifurcation model of energy conservation, the composition of the complex also suggests that either H(2) or formate (two alternative electron donors for methanogenesis) can donate electrons to the heterodisulfide-H(2) via F(420)-nonreducing hydrogenase or formate via formate dehydrogenase.

\n\nSearch methods We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group’s Trials Register (30 June 2013) and reference lists of retrieved studies. We also contacted trial authors.\n\nSelection criteria Randomised controlled trials in women at sufficient risk of preterm birth to warrant the use of prenatal corticosteroids to promote lung maturity. TRH and corticosteroids were compared with corticosteroids, with or without placebo.\n\nData collection and analysis All assessments of trial eligibility, risk of bias and data extractions were independently carried out by at least two review authors.\n\nMain

results Over 4600 women were recruited into the 15 trials included in the review, however two trials did not contribute any outcome data to the review. The trials had a this website EGFR inhibitor moderate risk of bias. Overall, prenatal TRH, in addition to corticosteroids, did not reduce the risk of death prior to hospital discharge (risk ratio (RR) 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86 to 1.27, six trials, 3694

infants), neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (average RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.22, nine trials, 3833 infants), or chronic lung disease (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.19, five trials, 2511 infants), and did not improve any of the secondary fetal, neonatal or childhood outcomes assessed by intention-to-treat analyses.\n\nIndeed, the data showed prenatal TRH to have adverse effects for women and their infants. All side effects reported (nausea, vomiting, light headedness, urgency of micturition, facial flushing) were significantly more likely to occur in women receiving TRH. In the infants, prenatal TRH increased the risk of needing respiratory support (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.29, three trials, 1969 infants), and of having a low Apgar score at five minutes (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.92, three trials, 1969 infants). Only three trials provided data on childhood follow-up, and while one trial suggested poorer outcomes for infants who were exposed to prenatal TRH, the other two trials, that assessed infants using an established developmental

instrument, showed no clear differences between groups in follow-up outcomes.\n\nSensitivity analyses by trial quality, or subgroups HDAC inhibitor with differing times from entry to birth, or different dose regimens of TRH, did not change these findings.\n\nAuthors’ conclusions\n\nPrenatal TRH in addition to corticosteroids, given to women at risk of preterm birth, does not improve infant outcomes and can cause maternal side effects.”
“In this study, a most consumer-acceptable rye bread (RB) containing saffron (S) powder (RB+S) was designed to verify its anti-diabetic properties, and to compare these effects with those of RB and S separately, matched to a similar dose of bioactive components, used in the high-fat (HF) diet in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Wistar rats. After baking, beneficial antioxidant and sensory properties for RB enriched with 0.

Recently, however, non-histone crosstalk has been observed between serine/threonine phosphorylation and the Modification of arginine and lysine residues within kinase consensus sequences. Interestingly, many kinase consensus

sequences contain critical arginine/lysine residues surrounding the substrate serine/threonine residue. Therefore, we hypothesize that non-histone crosstalk between serine/threonine phosphorylation and arginine/lysine, modifications is a global mechanism for the modulation of cellular signaling In this review, we discuss several recent examples of non-histone kinase consensus sequence crosstalk, as well as provide the biophysical basis, for these observations. In addition we predict likely examples of crosstalk between check details protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) and Akt and discuss the future implications of these findings.”
“Backgrounds: Maternal employment has been shown to be associated with childhood overweight and obesity (Ow/Ob), but the presence of family members who care for children in place of the mothers might influence

children’s Ow/Ob and lifestyles. The influence of maternal employment on Elafibranor children’s Ow/Ob should be examined together with the presence of caregivers such as grandparents.\n\nObjectives: The effects of maternal employment and the presence of grandparents on lifestyles click here and Ow/Ob in Japanese pre-school children were investigated.\n\nDesign/Subjects: Cross-sectional study on 2114 children aged 3-6 years who attended all childcare facilities in a city and primary caregivers was conducted.\n\nMeasurements: Children’s weight and height, family environments (family members, maternal employment, single parent, number of siblings and parental Ow/Ob) and lifestyles (dietary, physical activity and sleeping habits) were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire.

Ow/Ob was defined by the International Obesity Task Force cut-offs.\n\nResults: The eligible participants were 1765 children. The prevalence of Ow/Ob was 8.4% in boys and 9.9% in girls. Maternal employment was associated positively with irregular mealtimes, unfixed snacking times, bedtime after 10 p.m. and nighttime sleep duration of less than 10 h, whereas three-generation families were associated negatively with irregular mealtimes after adjustment for children’s characteristics and family environments. Irregular mealtimes (OR (95% CI); 2.03 (1.36, 3.06)) and nighttime sleep duration of less than 10 h (1.96 (1.28, 3.01)) were associated with increased risks of being Ow/Ob. Both maternal employment and three-generation families were significantly associated with children’s Ow/Ob. However, three-generation families maintained a significant association (1.59 (1.08, 2.35)) after adjustment for maternal employment.

Alterations in MET previously associated with resistance to MET-TKIs were observed in resistant cells, including elevated MET copy number, observed in both resistant lines compared to MKN45 cells, and the Y1230H mutation, detected in MKN45-PR cells. Notably, the growth of resistant buy SN-38 lines was lower in the absence of MET-TKIs, suggesting “addiction” to inhibitors. While MKN45-PR cells exhibited a higher S-phase fraction in the absence of PHA665752, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake was identical.

Baseline phosphorylation of ATR, Chk1 and p53 and p21(waf1/Cip1) expression was higher in MKN45-PR compared to MKN45 cells, and levels were reduced to those observed in untreated MKN45 cells following PHA665752 treatment. Furthermore, targeted knockdown of MET enhanced the growth of MKN45-PR cells. These findings suggest that alterations in MET leading to acquired MET-TKI resistance, may cause excessive MET signaling, subsequent replication stress and DNA damage response, and intra-S-phase arrest in the absence of MET-TKIs. Thus, partial MET inhibition is necessary for resistant selleck screening library cells to proliferate, a phenomenon we refer to as MET-TKI “addiction”.”
“Background\n\nSome sports, such as football, have a high incidence of hamstring

injuries. Various interventions targeting the prevention of such injuries are in common use.\n\nObjectives\n\nTo assess the effects (primarily, on the incidence of hamstring injuries) of interventions used for preventing hamstring injuries in physically active individuals.\n\nSearch strategy\n\nWe searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register (to December 2008), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, 2008, Issue 4), MEDLINE and other databases (to December 2008), reference lists and clinical trials registers.\n\nSelection criteria\n\nRandomised or quasi-randomised

trials of interventions for preventing hamstring injuries were included; as were trials testing interventions for the prevention of lower-limb injuries, provided that hamstring injuries were reported. Secondary outcomes included compliance, severity and the occurrence of other leg injuries.\n\nData collection and analysis\n\nTwo authors GSK2126458 price independently screened search results, assessed methodological quality and extracted data. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for dichotomous variables and are reported for individual and pooled data.\n\nMain results\n\nSeven randomised controlled trials involving 1919 participants were included. All trials involved people, predominantly young adults, participating in regular sporting activities. Some trials were compromised by poor methodology, including lack of blinding and incomplete outcome data.