Functional MRI, voxel based morphometry, and diffusion-tensor imaging showed these cerebellar alterations as being of functional and structural nature.”
“Microtubules are highly dynamic alpha beta-tubulin polymers. In vitro and in living cells, microtubules are most often cold-and nocodazole-sensitive. When present, the MAP6/STOP family of proteins protects microtubules from cold-and nocodazole-induced depolymerization but the molecular and structure determinants by which these proteins stabilize microtubules remain under debate. We show here that a short protein fragment

from MAP6-N, which encompasses its Mn1 and Mn2 modules (MAP6(90-177)), recapitulates the function of the full-length MAP6-N protein toward microtubules, i.e. its ability selleckchem to stabilize microtubules in vitro and in cultured cells in ice-cold conditions or in the presence of nocodazole. We further show for the first time, using biochemical assays and NMR spectroscopy, that these BI-D1870 in vitro effects result from the binding of MAP6(90-177) to microtubules with a 1:1 MAP6(90-177): tubulin heterodimer

stoichiometry. NMR data demonstrate that the binding of MAP6(90-177) to microtubules involve its two Mn modules but that a single one is also able to interact with microtubules in a closely similar manner. This suggests that the Mn modules represent each a full microtubule binding domain and that MAP6 proteins may stabilize microtubules by bridging tubulin heterodimers from adjacent protofilaments or within PHA-848125 price a protofilament. Finally,

we demonstrate that Ca2+-calmodulin competes with microtubules for MAP6(90-177) binding and that the binding mode of MAP6(90-177) to microtubules and Ca2+-calmodulin involves a common stretch of amino acid residues on the MAP6(90-177) side. This result accounts for the regulation of microtubule stability in cold condition by Ca2+-calmodulin.”
“Background: Sequence variants in coding and non-coding regions of THAP1 have been associated with primary dystonia.\n\nMethods: In this study, 1,446 Caucasian subjects with mainly adult-onset primary dystonia and 1,520 controls were genotyped for a variant located in the 5′-untranslated region of THAP1 (c.-237_236GA>TT).\n\nResults: Minor allele frequencies were 62/2892 (2.14%) and 55/3040 (1.81%) in subjects with dystonia and controls, respectively (P=0.202). Subgroup analyses by gender and anatomical distribution also failed to attain statistical significance. In addition, there was no effect of the TT variant on expression levels of THAP1 transcript or protein.\n\nDiscussion: Our findings indicate that the c.-237_236GA>TT THAP1 sequence variant does not increase risk for adult-onset primary dystonia in Caucasians.

Then, with the biomarker candidates found, ELISA was carried out for individual PreCR and CR samples, and for other verification sets including nonremission (NR) patients and normal samples. We selected two proteins, complement factor H (CFH) and apolipoprotein H (ApoH), with dye (Cy) ratios showing greater than 2.0-fold differences

between the pooled samples. ELISA showed that CFH and ApoH are useful for distinguishing between the recovered (CR and normal) and nonrecovered (PreCR, PreNR, and NR) states in AML (p <0.001). We successfully applied a protein profiling technology of MDLC-DIGE and LC-MS/MS to discover two biomarkers for CR which needs further validation for a clinical setting.”
“A diagnostic drug containing manganese chloride tetrahydrate as a major ingredient

Apoptosis inhibitor is available since 2006. It is used in magnetic resonance imaging as a negative BB-94 order contrast medium for magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography of the gastrointestinal tract. However, there is no report regarding interaction between manganese and new quinolone antibacterials. We investigated the interactions between new quinolone antibacterials and a diagnostic drug containing manganese in vitro. We evaluated the rate of formation of chelate complex by reacting new quinolone antibacterials (levofloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) with a diagnostic drug containing manganese. The EC50 values of the formation of chelate complex for levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were 5.14 +/- A 0.14, 5.29 +/- A 0.14, and 0.96 BEZ235 +/- A 0.04 mM, respectively. The rates of formation of chelate complex

by levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin in a reaction with the diagnostic drug were 17.0, 18.9, and 55.5 % in clinical condition, respectively. Our results suggest that a complex of each antibacterial and manganese was formed, with ciprofloxacin causing the strongest interaction. In addition, our findings indicate that the degree of interaction may be an important problem in clinical settings with concomitant administration of a new quinolone antibacterial and diagnostic drug containing manganese.”
“Background: There is continuing controversy whether long-distance running results in irreversible articular cartilage damage. New quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques used at 3.0 T have been developed including T1rho (T1 rho) and T2 relaxation time measurements that detect early cartilage proteoglycan and collagen breakdown.\n\nHypothesis: Marathon runners will demonstrate T1 rho and T2 changes in articular cartilage on MRI after a marathon, which are not seen in nonrunners. These changes are reversible.\n\nStudy Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

94%) had residual abscess cavities on ultrasonography even after 6 months.\n\nIn an endemic area a patient presenting with lower chest or upper abdominal pain along with tender hepatomegaly should raise the suspicion of ALA.

Sonography remains an important tool in the diagnosis of PXD101 ALA.”
“Complex animal societies often rely on communal resources from which all individuals in the group derive benefits. Selection should favor individuals that diminish their contribution towards these communal resources, and to increase their consumption of the resource, thus compromising the stability of these “public goods”. To begin to understand how public goods are maintained, it is useful to describe the cooperative behaviors that maintain the public good. One such public good is the communal nest in sociable weavers (Philetairus socius), which is constructed and maintained cooperatively by individual weavers in a colony. A captive colony of sociable weavers was observed for six weeks, and individuals’ level of cooperative

nest construction was recorded. Individuals in the colony lived in one of six possible nests and each individual focused their nest SN-38 chemical structure construction behavior on their respective nest of residence. Sociable weaver males cooperated at a higher level than females, with measures of cooperation being consistent over time. These results provide the first description of cooperative nest construction in an entire colony and suggest potential mechanisms that may maintain cooperation.”
“A series of some novel 2,4-thiazolidinediones (TZDs) (2a-x) have been synthesized and characterized by FTIR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR and LC mass spectral analysis. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and in vivo Alvocidib antihyperglycemic activities. Among

the tested compounds for cytotoxicity using Brine Shrimp Lethality assay, compound 2t ((Z)-5-(4-((E)-3-oxo-3-(thiophen-2-yl) prop-1-enyl)benzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione) exhibited significant inhibitory activity at ED50 value 4.00 +/- 0.25 mu g/mL and this level of activity was comparable to that of the reference drug podophyllotoxin with ED50 value 3.61 +/- 0.17 mu g/mL. Antimicrobial activity was screened using agar well diffusion assay method against selected Gram-positive, Gram-negative and fungal strains and the activity expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in mu g/mL. From the results of antimicrobial activity compound 2s ((Z)-5-(4-((E)-3-(3,5-bis(benzyloxy)phenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-enyl)benzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione) was found to be the most active against all the tested strains of microorganisms with MIC value 16 mu g/mL. In vivo antihyperglycemic effect of twenty four TZDs (2a-x) at different doses 10, 30 and 50 mg/kg b.w (oral) were assessed using percentage reduction of plasma glucose (PG) levels in streptozotocin-induced type II diabetic rat models.

Integra, and 0.991 for Integra vs. Afinion. The average biases of selleck HbA(1c) Afinion (IFCC) and HbA(1c) Integra (IFCC) against HbA(1c) D-10 (NGSP) were -1.90% and -1.79%, respectively. Kappa agreement statistics for the three diabetic control group HbA(1c) values of “less than 6.5%,” “6.5%-7.5%,” and “greater than 7.5%” for D-10 vs. Turbo, D-10 vs. Integra, and D-10 vs. Afinion were 0.872, 0.836, and 0.833, respectively.\n\nConclusions : The strong correlations and good clinical agreements of HbA(1c) between each analyzer expressed in terms of either NGSP or IFCC-derived NGSP indicate that these analyzers can

be used interchangeably. (Korean J Lab Med 2010:30:345-50)”
“Background: Vitamin K is an essential element in the coagulation, which is also involved in gamma-carboxylation reactions of proteins as osteocalcin, which may exert a protective effect against age-dependent Oligomycin A mouse bone loss. But there is also evidence that both osteocalcin as vitamin K can have a benefit on the metabolism of glucose, insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to analyse the adequacy of vitamin K intake and food sources in a representative sample of Spanish adults. Methods: A sample of 1068 adults (521 men and 547 women) with ages ranging from 17 to 60 years, was selected in ten Spanish provinces to constitute a representative sample of the population nationwide. The dietary study was carried

out by using a “Food record questionnaire” for 3 consecutive days, including a Sunday. Personal, anthropometric and health data were also collected. Results: The intake of vitamin K (170.2 +/- 14.5 mu g/day) was lower than the established adequate intake for vitamin in the 30.2% of the studied this website participants. Vitamin

intake increases with age (r = 0.201, p smaller than 0.05), in fact, those participants who meet the adequate intake are older (34.5 +/- 12.8 years) than those who do not meet the adequate intake (with a mean age 29.1 +/- 11.9 years) (p smaller than 0.001). Vitamin K intake also increases with weight (r = 0.106, p smaller than 0.05) and height (r = 0.282, p smaller than 0.05), however the participants with overweight/obesity have a significantly lower intake (168.2 +/- 13.5 g/day) than those individuals with normal weight (171.1 +/- 14.9 mu g/day) (p smaller than 0.01). The major food source of vitamin K are vegetables (45.35% of the intake comes from this food group), followed by fats and oils (13.28%), pulses (11.69%), meat (10.62%), cereals (5.33%) and fruits (4.60%). Meeting adequate intake for vitamin K is favoured by the increase in the consumption of vegetables (OR 0.329; CI95%: 0.279, 0.387), dairy (OR 0.815; CI95%: 0.690, 0.963), pulses (OR 0.091; CI95 % : 0.054, 0.154) and fruits (OR 0.774; CI95 %: 0.677, 0.885) (p smaller than 0.001). A positive correlation was found between vegetable consumption and the intake of vitamin K (r = 0.432, p smaller than 0.001).

SETTING Urban pediatric primary care outpatient clinic. PARTICIPANTS Ninety-seven mothers of children aged 3 to 5 years. EXPOSURE Pediatric primary care visit. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Probable maternal depression and/or PTSD, parenting stress, child exposure to traumatic events, and child maltreatment. RESULTS Mothers with probable Alvocidib in vivo comorbid PTSD and depression reported greater child-directed psychological aggression and physical assault and greater parenting stress. The children of mothers

with PTSD (mean number of events the child was exposed to, 5.0) or with comorbid PTSD and depression (3.5 events) experienced more traumatic events than those of mothers with depression (1.2 events) or neither disorder (1.4 events). Severity of depressive symptoms uniquely predicted physical assault and neglect. Symptom scores for PTSD and depression interacted to predict psychological www.selleckchem.com/products/pf-03084014-pf-3084014.html aggression and child exposure to traumatic events. When PTSD symptom severity scores were high, psychological aggression and the number of traumatic events children experienced rose. Depressive symptom severity scores

predicted the risk for psychological aggression and exposure to traumatic events only when PTSD symptom severity scores were low. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Children of mothers with PTSD are exposed to more traumatic events. Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with an increased risk for child maltreatment beyond that associated with depression. Screening and intervention for maternal PTSD, in addition to maternal depression, may increase our ability to reduce children’s exposure to traumatic stress and maltreatment.”
“The need for a rigorously developed longitudinal registry of patients with spondyloarthritis Dihydrotestosterone concentration (SpA)

is clear and urgent. Like randomized controlled trials, registries rely on a prospective, systematic protocol-driven approach to data acquisition to assess outcomes for a prescribed cohort of patients. Registries seek to capture large numbers of patients across large geographic zones and can serve as a valuable resource for patient advocacy, patient education and support, incidence and prevalence, and broad demographic profiles. Building on 3 existing registries the Prospective Study of Outcomes in Ankylosing Spondylitis, the Program to Understand the Longterm Outcomes of Spondyloarthritis (PULSAR) and the University Health Network Spondyloarthritis Program-these registries and the Spondylitis Association of America propose to form a combined registry of North American SpA patients. The combined registry would, ideally, complement ongoing clinical goals and improve patient care.”
“Theoretical, computational, and experimental studies have suggested the existence of solvation barriers in protein unfolding and denaturation processes.

Adherence to hospital guidelines was 32.1 %. Antimicrobial selection, timing of the first dose, dosage interval and treatment duration were concordant with the hospital guidelines in 26, 31 and 40.3 % of cases, respectively. Main barriers to adherence to hospital guidelines were lack of awareness and

education. Conclusions The present study indicated poor adherence to the SAP guidelines. The timing of administration of SAP was not appropriate in two-thirds of the patients and more than half received more than three doses of SAP inappropriately. Continuing medical education should target antimicrobial prophylaxis (selection, timing and duration), clinical BAY 80-6946 cell line pharmacy antibiotic services and cyclic auditing.”
“Background\n\nAdverse effects of maternal substance use during pregnancy on fetal development may increase risk of psychopathology.\n\nAims\n\nTo examine whether maternal use of tobacco, cannabis or alcohol during pregnancy increases risk of offspring psychotic

symptoms.\n\nMethod\n\nA longitudinal study of 6356 adolescents, age 12, who completed a semi-structured interview for psychotic symptoms in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort.\n\nResults\n\nFrequency of maternal tobacco use during pregnancy was associated with increased risk of suspected or definite psychotic symptoms (adjusted odds ratio 1.20, 95% CI 1.05-1.37, EX 527 Epigenetics inhibitor P=0.007). Maternal alcohol use showed a non-linear association with psychotic symptoms, with this effect almost exclusively in the offspring of women drinking >21

units weekly. Maternal cannabis use was not associated with psychotic Symptoms. Results for paternal smoking during pregnancy and maternal smoking post-pregnancy lend some support for a causal effect of tobacco exposure in utero on development of psychotic experiences.\n\nConclusions\n\nThese findings indicate that risk factors for development of non-clinical psychotic experiences may operate during early development. Future studies of how in utero exposure to tobacco affects cerebral development and function this website may lead to increased understanding of the pathogenesis of psychotic phenomena.”
“The content and stability of vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA, and dehydroascorbic acid, DHA) and carotenoids (beta-carotene, lycopene, and beta-cryptoxanthin) were analyzed in papaya, mango, and guava after the reception, preparation (cleaning, peeling, and slicing), and distribution stages for consumption in a commercial restaurant. The analysis of carotenoids and vitamin C was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The fruits analyzed were considered excellent sources of vitamin C and carotenoids.

“
“The crystal structure of the title calcium complex, [Ca(C(8)H(11-)NO(5)PS)(2)](n), is composed of a polymeric chain, which is formed due to two bridging sulfonyl groups linking Ca(II) ions in a O-S-O-Ca manner. Thus, the coordination environment of the Ca(II) ions is composed of six O atoms belonging to the phosphoryl and sulfonyl groups of two chelate rings and two additional O atoms of two bridging sulfonyl groups. The coordination polyhedron of

the central atom (2 symmetry) has a distorted octahedral EPZ5676 datasheet geometry.”
“Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and several simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) encode for a transmembrane protein known as Vpu (viral protein U). While one of the smallest of the HIV-1 proteins, it has two important functions within virus-infected buy C59 cells. The first of these functions is the down-regulation of the CD4 receptor to prevent its interaction with the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Vpu interacts

with the CD4 receptor in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), resulting in its re-translocation across the RER and subsequent degradation via the proteasomal pathway. The second major function of the Vpu protein is to facilitate release of virus from infected cells. Previous studies have shown that virus release is cell type specific, suggesting that certain cells may express a restriction factor that inhibits virus release in the absence of Vpu. Recently, bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2/HM1.24/CD317/tetherin) has been identified as this factor. This review will focus on new findings within the last four years on the role of Vpu in CD4 down-regulation and the restriction of virus release from cells. We will relate these findings to virus pathogenesis and propose questions regarding BST-2 as a restriction factor.”
“Study Objective: To investigate whether a patient’s propofol

selleckchem effect-site concentration at return 10 Consciousness (ROC) was related to the propofol effect-site concentration at loss of consciousness (LOC) and to patients’ individual demographic parameters.\n\nDesign: Prospective study.\n\nSetting: Operating room.\n\nPatients: 31 ASA physical status I and II neurosurgical patients with Glasgow Coma Score > 15, and scheduled to receive total intravenous anesthesia with effect-site target controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol and remifentanil.\n\nInterventions: A constant propofol infusion was administered until LOC. At LOC, remifentanil started with a plasma concentration target of 2.5 ng mL(-1).\n\nMain Results: Propofol concentration at LOC was 4.9 +/- 1 mu g mL(-1). At ROC, propofol and remifentanil concentrations were 1.16 +/- 0.3 mu g mL(-1) and 3.41 +/- 1.5 mu g mL(-1). Significant correlation was observed between propofol concentrationa at ROC and LOC, between propofol concentration at ROC and patient age (48.

To prevent functional impairments, early mobilization is desirable both during conservative

treatment and following internal fixation.”
“Enantiopure L-tert-leucine (L-Tle) was synthesized through reductive amination of trimethylpyruvate catalyzed by cell-free extracts of recombinant Escherichia coil coexpressing leucine dehydrogenase (LeuDH) and formate dehydrogenase (FDH). The leudh gene from Lysinibacillus sphaericus CGMCC 1.1677 encoding LeuDH was cloned and coexpressed with NAD(+)-dependent FDH from Candida boidinii for NADH regeneration. The batch reaction conditions for the synthesis of L-Tle were systematically optimized. Two substrate feeding modes (intermittent and continuous) were addressed to alleviate substrate inhibition and thus improve WH-4-023 supplier the space-time yield. The continuous feeding process was conveniently

performed in water at an overall substrate concentration up to 1.5 M, with both conversion and ee of bigger than 99% and space-time yield of 786 g L-1 d(-1), respectively. Furthermore, the preparation was successfully scaled up to a 1 L scale, demonstrating the developed procedure showed a great industrial HSP990 in vitro potential for the production of enantiopure L-Tle. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The first allele of a 16S rRNA methyltransferase gene, rmtD2, conferring very high resistance to all clinically available aminoglycosides, was detected in 7/1,064 enterobacteria collected in 2007. rmtD2 was located on a conjugative plasmid in a Tn2670-like element inside a structure similar to that of rmtD1 but probably having

an independent assembly. rmtD2 has been found since 1996 to 1998 mainly in Enterobacter and Citrobacter isolates, suggesting a possible reservoir in these genera. This presumption deserves monitoring by continuous surveillance.”
“Hypoxanthine-guanine-(xanthine) phosphoribosyltransferase https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pha-848125.html (HG(X)PRT) is crucial for the survival of malarial parasites Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and Plasmodium vivax (Pv). Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) are inhibitors of HG(X)PRT and arrest the growth of Pf in cell culture. Here, a novel class of ANPs containing trisubstituted nitrogen (aza-ANPs) has been synthesized. These compounds have a wide range of K-i values and selectivity for human HGPRT, PfHGXPRT, and PvHGPRT. The most selective and potent inhibitor of PfHGXPRT is 9-N-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-N-(2-phosphonoethyl)-2-aminoethyl]hypoxanthine (K-i = 100 nM): no inhibition could be detected against the human enzyme. This compound exhibits the highest ever reported selectivity for PfHGXPRT compared to human HGPRT. For PvHGPRT, 9-[N-(2-carboxyethyl)-N-(2-phosphonoethyl)-2-aminoethyl]guanine has a Ki of SO nM, the best inhibitor discovered for this enzyme to date.

Genitourinary cytokeratins are implicated in playing a significant role in conditioning film formation. Overall, stent biomaterial design to date has been unsuccessful in discovering an ideal coating to prevent encrustation and bacterial adhesion. This current study elucidates a more global understanding of urinary conditioning film components. It also supports specific focus on the importance of physical characteristics of the stent and LB-100 in vitro how they can prevent encrustation and bacterial adhesion.”
“Background: There is an increasing trend towards early mobilisation post-split skin grafting of the lower limbs. This study was performed to determine if early mobilisation impacts negatively

on graft healing and patient morbidity.\n\nMethods: A retrospective review of 48 cases of lower limb split skin grafts performed by the plastic surgery department

Lonafarnib inhibitor at Royal Perth Hospital was undertaken. Patients were stratified into early and late mobilisation groups.\n\nResults: No difference in outcome was identified with early mobilisation, but an increased rate of deconditioning with increased length of stay was present with late mobilisation.\n\nConclusion: These results suggest that early mobilisation post-split skin grafting of the lower limb is beneficial to patient care and is associated with lower morbidity.”
“The present study was conducted to assess the effect of different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) in presence and absence of AMF on growth, physio-biochemical and enzymatic activity in faba bean (Vicia faba). Different concentrations of NaCl click here showed reduction in growth and yield parameters, which indicates the deleterious effects of salinity on the plant. The total spore count and colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is also decreasing at higher concentrations of NaCl. Application of AMF mitigates the effect of NaCl stress and improved the growth and yield in the present study. NaCl also decreased the nodulation as well

as nodule activity and pigments content, however the supplementation of by AMF to plants treated with sodium chloride showed enhancement in nodule activity and pigment content. Polyamines (Putresciene, Spermidine, Spermine), acid and alkaline phosphates increased with increasing concentration of sodium chloride and application of by AMF showed further increase in the above phytoconstituents, proving the protective role of these phytoconstituents against salt stress. Salinity stress is responsible for the generation of reactive oxygen species, which lead to the membrane damage through lipid peroxidation in the present study. Maximum lipid peroxidation was observed at higher concentration of sodium chloride and AMF treatment minimized the effect of salinity on lipid peroxidation. To combat with the reactive oxygen species, plants upregulate the enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase.

90, P = .05; CR alone Z = 0.67, P = .21). There was also a significant group by time effect for social cognition, measured this website by the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (F = 5.473, P = .050): CR + MRIGE demonstrated significantly greater improvement than CR alone (CR + MRIGE, Z = 1.98, P = .02; CR alone, Z = 1.00, P =.05). Conclusions: Combined CR with emotion perception remediation produced greater improvements in emotion recognition, emotion discrimination, social functioning, and neurocognition compared with CR alone in chronic schizophrenia.”
“Glucosylation of flavonoids improves their bioavaibility

and pharmacological properties. An organic solvent-tolerant bacterium Staphylococcus saprophyticus CQ16 was newly isolated and was found to glucosylate daidzein. Strikingly, the polar solvent 15% DMSO significantly improved the glucosylation of daidzein with 3.5 times selleck chemical yield, and glucosylation was further improved with the supplemental co-solvents. The most effective glucosylation of daidzein to daidzein-7-O-glucoside catalyzed by whole cells of strain CQ16 was achieved with a molar yield of 90% in a system with addition of 15% DMSO and 0.5% butyl acetate. The conversion process produced very few by-products, and therefore

simplified purification of the glycoside product. The glucosyltransferase from strain CQ16 showed broad substrate specificity to the various flavonoids as well as flavonoid analogs, nonetheless an exquisite regioselectivity of the C-7 hydroxyl group of flavonoids. It would be substantive benefits for exploiting the new candidates with higher bioavailability for pharmaceuticals. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Land conversion is one of the major global changes that threaten population viability. As with many industrial activities, quarrying highly modifies land cover, destroying previous habitats but also creating new conditions potentially supporting functioning and connectivity of pioneer species. Using a multi-landscape and -temporal approach, we assessed the impact of quarrying on the genetic diversity of two selleck compound amphibians with contrasted ecological constraints:

the common toad (Bufo bufo) and the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita), favouring vegetated and pioneer environments, respectively. The study was conducted across six areas of ca. 250 km(2) each. Mixed effect models were used to determine which landscape features affect the genetic diversity of the two species. These analyses were performed at three time points (1940s, 1970s and 2000s). Genetic diversity of B. bufo was found to increase with the area of semi-wooded and herbaceous vegetation, and decrease with the area of roads and urbanized areas. Genetic diversity of B. calamita increased with the area of bare ground and of quarries, and decreased with the area of dense woods. We found no effect of quarrying on B. bufo, unlike for B. calamita in which genetic diversity was favoured by quarrying at all three time-points.