Phys Rev B 1993, 47:1397–1382.CrossRef 30. Martínez JR, Ruiz F, Vorobiev FYV, Pérez-Robles F, González-Hernández XAV-939 nmr J: Infrared spectroscopy analysis of the local atomic

structure in silica prepared by sol–gel. J Chem Phys 1998, 109:7511–7514.CrossRef 31. Adler DL, Jacobson DC, Eaglesham DJ, Marcus MA, Benton JL, Poate JM, Citrin PH: Local structure of 1.54‒μm‒luminescence Er 3+ implanted in Si. Appl Phys Lett 1992, 61:2181–2183.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions LJ performed the experiments, collected and analyzed the data, and wrote the paper. DL conceived the experiments, analyzed the results, and wrote the paper. LX, FW, DY, and DQ helped with the data analysis

and wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Nanocrystal (NC) floating gate memory devices have recently selleck compound attracted much attention as a strong candidate for non-volatile memories given their scalability, fast write/erase speeds, low operating voltages, and long retention times [1–4]. Numerous attempts have been made to develop non-volatile memory devices using metal NCs, such as Ni [5], Au [6], Ir [7], and Pt [8], because metal NCs have a higher density of states around the Fermi level, a wider range of available work functions, and smaller energy perturbation compared with their semiconductor counterparts [9]. Further improvement in memory performance can be achieved through the integration of metal NCs with high-κ dielectric materials, such as HfO2[10] and Al2O3[11]. The use of high-κ dielectric materials as blocking layers decreases the electric field at the top dielectric much and program/erase (P/E) voltages, which also supports the demand for small effective oxide thickness [12]. Au NCs with high work functions (5.1 eV) enable the creation of a deep potential well to trap charge carriers, such as HfO2, with high dielectric constants (20 to 25) and relatively high barrier heights (−5.7 eV). The

structure of metal/HfO2/Au NCs/SiO2/Si shows a strong potential for application in non-volatile memory devices [13, 14]. Metal/HfO2/Au NCs/SiO2/Si is fabricated in this study. The capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics show that the main storage consists of holes. However, electron trapping is seldom achieved because of the HfO2 blocking layer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms that the oxygen deficiency within the HfO2 layer is caused by the presence of Hf-Hf bonding. The energy band diagram shows that XMU-MP-1 molecular weight electrons trapped in the NCs tend to leak into the gate electrode through trap-assisted tunneling, which is supported by the oxygen vacancy-related levels during programming. However, Hf-Hf bonding disappears after HfO2 is annealed at 400°C for 10 min in O2 ambient. The structure of metal/HfO2 (as-annealed)/Au NCs/SiO2/Si shows that both electrons and holes are stored.

Appl Environ Microbiol 2007, 73:971–980.PubMedCrossRef 9. Satoh H, Trichostatin A price Odagiri M, Ito T, Okabe S: Microbial community structures and in situ sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing activities in biofilms developed on mortar specimens in a corroded sewer system. Water Res 2009, 43:4729–4739.PubMedCrossRef 10. Giannantonio DJ, Kurth JC, Kurtis KE, Sobecky PA: Molecular characterizations of microbial communities fouling painted and unpainted concrete structures. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 2009, 63:30–40.CrossRef 11. Santo Domingo

JW, Revetta RP, Iker B, Gomez-Alvarez PF-01367338 cell line V, Garcia J, Sullivan J, Weast J: Molecular survey of concrete sewer biofilm microbial communities. Biofouling 2011, 27:993–1001.PubMedCrossRef 12. Tamura K, Nei M, Kumar

S: Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method. Selleck IWR-1 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101:11030–11035.PubMedCrossRef 13. Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S: MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 2011, 28:2731–2739.PubMedCrossRef 14. Cole JR, Wang Q, Cardenas E, Fish J, Chai B, Farris RJ1, Kulam-Syed-Mohideen AS, McGarrell DM, Marsh T, Garrity GM, Tiedje JM: The Ribosomal Database Project: improved alignments and new tools for rRNA analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2009, 37:D141-D145.PubMedCrossRef 15. Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schaffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller

W, Lipman DJ: Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 1997, 25:3389–3402.PubMedCrossRef 16. Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD: PAST: paleontological statistics software package for evolution and data analysis. Palaeontol Electron 2001, 4:1–9. 17. Gomez-Alvarez V, Teal TK, HSP90 Schmidt TM: Systematic artifacts in metagenomes from complex microbial communities. ISME J 2009, 3:1314–1317.PubMedCrossRef 18. Meyer F, Paarmann D, D’Souza M, Olson R, Glass EM, Kubal M, Paczian T, Rodriguez A, Stevens R, Wilke A, Wilkening J, Edwards RA: The metagenomics RAST server – a public resource for the automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes. BMC Bioinforma 2008, 9:386–394.CrossRef 19. Li W: Analysis and comparison of very large metagenomes with fast clustering and functional annotation. BMC Bioinforma 2009, 10:359–367.CrossRef 20. Beszteri B, Temperton B, Frickenhaus S, Giovannoni SJ: Average genome size: a potential source of bias in comparative metagenomics. ISME J 2010, 4:1075–1077.PubMedCrossRef 21. Raes J, Korbel JO, Lercher MJ, von Mering C, Bork P: Prediction of effective genome size in metagenomic samples. Genome Biol 2007, 8:R10.PubMedCrossRef 22. Chao A, Shen TJ: SPADE (Species Prediction and Diversity Estimation) v2.1. Program and User’s Guide. http://​chao.​stat.​nthu.​edu.​tw 23. Frank JA, Sørensen SJ: Quantitative metagenomic analyses based on average genome size normalization.

Figure 2 Effects of a STAT3 inhibitor on the everolimus-induced cell growth inhibition in HaCaT, Caki-1, and HepG2 cells. HaCaT, Caki-1, and HepG2 cells were incubated in medium containing everolimus at the indicated concentrations for 48 h after pretreatment with 10 μM LY2603618 solubility dmso stattic or DMSO (a solvent of stattic) for 20 min. Cell viability was determined by WST-8 colorimetric assay. *p < 0.01 Student’s t test compared with control (DMSO). There was no significant difference in cell toxicity in the DMSO, stattic, and 0 μM everolimus conditions for each cell line. Effects of STAT3 inhibitors on apoptotic effects in HaCaT cells To confirm that the apoptotic effects

of everolimus were enhanced by pretreatment with stattic, we performed an apoptosis assay (Figure 3A). Imaging MK-0457 research buy cytometric analysis of apoptotic cells by Annexin V/PI staining showed that apoptosis in HaCaT cells was increased after everolimus treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the percentage of apoptotic cells was enhanced by stattic pretreatment. These results indicate that stattic pretreatment enhances the apoptotic effects of everolimus in HaCaT cells. Figure 3

Effects of various STAT3 pathway inhibitors on everolimus-mediated apoptotic effects and cell growth selleck chemicals llc inhibition in HaCaT cells. (A) HaCaT cells were incubated in medium containing Thymidylate synthase everolimus at the indicated concentrations for 48 h after pretreatment with 10 μM stattic or DMSO for 20 min. Subsequently, apoptotic cells were detected using FITC-labeled Annexin V/PI staining on an IN Cell Analyzer 2000 for Imaging cytometric analysis. (B) Effects of JAK/STAT pathway inhibitors and IL-6 on the cell growth inhibition induced by everolimus. HaCaT cells were incubated in medium containing 30 μM everolimus for 48 h after pretreatment with 10 μM stattic for 20 min or coincubation with everolimus and 25 μM Z3 (a selective inhibitor

of JAK2), 20 μM STA-21, 100 ng/mL IL-6, or DMSO (solvent of these inhibitors). Cell viability was determined by WST-8 colorimetric assay. Effects of various JAK/STAT pathway inhibitors on everolimus-induced cell growth inhibition in HaCaT cells In the presence of another STAT3 inhibitor (STA-21), the everolimus-induced cell growth inhibition observed in HaCaT cells was also enhanced, whereas a JAK2 inhibitor (Z3) did not affect the everolimus-induced cell growth inhibition (Figure 3). This synergistic cell growth inhibition effect was not due to coincubation with IL-6. Effects of everolimus and STAT3 inhibitors on signal transduction in HaCaT cells Signal transduction in the presence of everolimus and pretreatment with stattic in HaCaT cells is shown in Figure 4. Phosphorylation of Tyr705 of STAT3 was decreased after treatment with everolimus for 2 h in a dose-dependent manner in HaCaT cells.

10.1039/c0cp01159bCrossRef 33. Kao TH, Song JM, Chen IG, Dong TY, Hwang WS:

Nanosized Entospletinib ic50 induced low-temperature alloying in binary and ternary noble alloy systems for micro-interconnect applications Original Research Article. Acta Mater 2011, 59:1184. 10.1016/j.actamat.2010.10.051CrossRef 34. Hutt DA, Leggett GJ: Influence of adsorbate ordering on rates of UV photooxidation of self-assembled monolayers. J Phys Chem 1996, 1000:6657.CrossRef 35. Tarlov MJ Jr, Burgess DRF, Gillen G: UV photopatterning of alkanethiolate monolayers self-assembled on gold and silver. J Am Chem Soc 1993, 115:5305. 10.1021/ja00065a056CrossRef 36. Lin Y, Zhang L, Yu D, Ge Y: Study of diffusion and marker movement in fcc Ag-Au alloys. JPEDAV 2008, 29:405. 10.1007/s11669-008-9355-3CrossRef 37. Rast L, Stanishevsky CHIR98014 A: Aggregated nanoparticle structures prepared by thermal decomposition of poly(vinyl)-N-pyrrolidone/Ag nanoparticle composite films. Appl Phys Lett 2005, 87:2231118.CrossRef 38. Buffat P,

Bore JP: Size effect on the melting temperature of gold particles. Phys Rev A 1976, 13:2287. 10.1103/PhysRevA.13.2287CrossRef 39. Andrievski RA: Size-dependent effects in properties of nanostructured materials. Rev Adv Mater Sci 2009, 21:107. 40. Li G, Wang Q, Liu T, Wang K, He J: Molecular dynamics simulation of the melting and coalescence in the mixed Cu–Ni nanoclusters. J Clust Sci 2010, 21:45. 10.1007/s10876-010-0281-2CrossRef 41. Xing Y, Rosner DE: Prediction of spherule size in gas phase nanoparticle synthesis. J Nanopart Res 1999, 1:277. 10.1023/A:1010021004233CrossRef 42. Chernyshev AP: Effect of nanoparticle size on the onset temperature of surface melting. Mater Lett 2009, 63:1525. 10.1016/j.matlet.2009.04.009CrossRef 43. Yeshchenko OA, Dmitruk IM, Alexeenko AA, Kotko AV: Surface plasmon as a probe for melting of silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 2010, 21:045203. 10.1088/0957-4484/21/4/045203CrossRef

44. Wagner C: Thermodynamics of the liquidus and the solidus of binary alloys. Acta Metall 1954, 2:242. 10.1016/0001-6160(54)90165-0CrossRef 45. Büttner M, Belser T, Oelhafen P: Stability of thiol-passivated gold particles at elevated temperatures check details studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2005, 109:5464. 10.1021/jp0462355CrossRef 46. Ulman A: Formation and structure of self-assembled monolayers. Chem Rev why 1996, 96:1533. 10.1021/cr9502357CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions WTC and KHH carried out the main part of synthetic and SR-XRD analytical works. THK carried out the measurement of electrical and optical properties. JMS conceived the research idea, designed the experiments, and prepared the draft. IGC participated in the experimental design and the discussion of the phase transformations. HYL and SJC participated in the SR-XRD analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Louis Encephalitis virus (SLE) (Figure 1B). Analysis of systematically selected WNV E protein sequences suggested that the PAAP motif was present in about 90% of the analyzed sequences while the frequency of the PSAP motif was less than 10% (Figure 1C). The YCYL motif was present in more than 95% of the WNV sequences analyzed.

Table 1, depicts the occurrences of the PXAP and YCYL Hedgehog inhibitor motifs in the protein non-redundant database (nr) database. As VX-689 expected, sequence motifs that serve some biological functions, occur more often than by chance [39, 40] although it deserves mention that these motifs are maintained within the Flavivirus E proteins that themselves are highly conserved. While sequence analysis revealed the predominance of PAAP motifs over PSAP it is unclear as to what advantage the PSAP motif would render in case of WNV. From studies in HIV and that of host proteins like

Hrs (Hepatocyte growth factor Receptor Substrate) it is well known that the PSAP motif is a strong binding partner of Tsg101 [41]. Figure 1 Sequence analysis of Flavivirus Envelope proteins. (A) Outline of WNV structural proteins C, PrM and E. (B) Presence of conserved 461PS/AAP464 and 349YCYL352 motifs in the Flavivirus envelope protein. Selected Flavivirus proteins were downloaded from NCBI [42], C59 wnt datasheet aligned with MAFFT [43] and the respective motif regions visualized in Jalview [44] using ClustalX-like coloring based on physicochemical properties and conservation. Virus names are shown left with NCBI GI number. (C) Frequency of YCYL Casein kinase 1 and PAAP motif variants in WNV envelope. Significant protein hits (E<0.001) were first identified with Delta-BLAST [45] starting with the sequence of the envelope glycoprotein structure (PDB:2hg0) against NCBI’s non-redundant protein database restricting to West Nile virus sequences only. All hits were next aligned with MAFFT after discarding those without sequence information for the YCYL or PAAP region and removing 100% identical

sequences using Jalview. The resulting set of 286 WNV sequences was analyzed for the respective motif occurrences. Table 1 Occurrences of the PXAP and YCYL motifs in the protein nr database Motif Actual # occurrences Actual frequency Expected # occurrences* Expected frequency* PXAP 2802870 3.05e-04 1867974 2.03e-04 YCYL 11945 1.30e-06 10851 1.18e-06 26,682,258 protein sequences in the non-redundant (nr) protein database downloaded from NCBI on 1st July 2013, were searched for presence of the PXAP and YCYL motifs. The relative abundance of each of the relevant amino acids in the nr database was used to calculate the expected occurrences of the motifs by chance. *The expected occurrences and frequency were based on the relative abundance of each of the 20 amino acid residues in the nr database.

“
“Background In recent years, ceramic with nanostructures has AG-881 solubility dmso attracted a lot of attention and is being used in the fields of electronics, information LY3039478 cell line technology, and communications [1]. It has found wide application in other areas as well, including the mechanical and chemical sciences and electrical, optical, and electrochemical energy sectors as effective electrode materials [2, 3]. Among various chemical or physical synthetic

methods, the electrospinning method is a popular one and involves the use of an electrically charged jet of polymer solution to form the nanofibers. The method can be described as follows. A high voltage is applied to the ceramic material solution with a polymer, and an electric field is generated between the tip of the syringe containing the solution and the collector. The solution is ejected in the form of a jet by electrical repulsion onto the collector, and fibers of nanoscaled diameters with inorganic precursor Blasticidin S research buy are formed [4]. The precursor nanofibers at high temperature are calcined to remove the polymers, and ceramic phase is obtained. This technique has been applied for the preparation of various metal oxide and ceramic nanofibers as well [5, 6], which

included TiO2[7], ZnO [8], SnO2[9], BaTiO3[10], and Al2O3[2–6, 11]. Alumina (Al2O3) is one of the most important types of ceramic and is applied to the areas of catalysis, reinforcing components, electronic device fabrication, microelectronics, optics, and fire protection [12]. Most recently, alumina has been explored as effective electrode material for electrochemical energy storage device [13–15]. Al2O3 has specific physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, and during the process of forming the stable

α-Al2O3, gibbsite is transformed to boehmite and then to a variety of metastable intermediate structures such as χ-, γ-, κ-, δ-, θ-alumina, depending on the temperature [16, 17]. The main objective of the study is to investigate the calcination conditions on morphological appearance Glutamate dehydrogenase and crystal structure of the resulting alumina and the adsorption property of alumina calcined at different temperatures. Therefore, we investigated the synthesis of alumina nanofibers using a technique that combined the sol–gel and electrospinning methods using aluminum isopropoxide (AIP), an organometallic compound, as the precursor and polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP) polymer solution. The formation, morphology, and crystallinity of the electrospun alumina nanofibers were determined through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Gas Chromatograph (Shimadzu GC-2010 Plus AF) and the alumina nanofiber samples synthesized were evaluated by nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis. In addition, different phase alumina nanofibers were applied for the adsorption of methyl orange dye (MO) solution.

The use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs is also recommended. Therefore, each patient’s individual demographics, BP level, CV risk, Selleck VX-680 co-morbidities, and preference (including any previously

reported side effects), as well as the evidence for preferential antihypertensive agent benefits, should be considered when deciding upon the optimal regimen and type of antihypertensive treatment. CCBs appear to be a favorable choice of antihypertensive agent for monotherapy and in combination with other agent classes, and may provide benefits over other classes for certain patient groups and CV outcomes. Further research is needed into specific beyond BP-lowering class effects, but CCBs are an established group of antihypertensive agents that looks to play a sustained role in future hypertension treatment PDGFR inhibitor strategies. 4 Diagnosis and Monitoring of Hypertension The importance of ABPM and HBPM for the diagnosis and monitoring of hypertension has been known for some time, and newer guidelines, including the 2013 ESH/ESC recommendations, are recognizing this and providing diagnostic thresholds [2, 25]. An official position paper on ABPM has also recently been published [59]. Office

BP is usually higher than ABPM and HBPM; a large study of ABPM vs. clinic BP measurements found that the latter were on average 6/3 mmHg higher than the daytime ambulatory BP and 10/5 mmHg higher than 24-h ABPM values [60]. These data have important

consequences for accurate diagnosis and selection of optimal treatment strategies. This difference in BP according to the measurement technique used is ATM Kinase Inhibitor reflected in the current ESH/ESC recommended definitions of hypertension using each method (Table 4). Table 4 ESH/ESC definitions of hypertension using office and out-of-office BP measurements Office BP measurement SBP ≥140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥90 mmHg Ambulatory BP measurements Pomalidomide research buy  Daytime (awake) SBP ≥135 mmHg and/or DBP ≥85 mmHg  Night-time (asleep) SBP ≥120 mmHg and/or DBP ≥70 mmHg  24-h SBP ≥130 mmHg and/or DBP ≥80 mmHg Home BP measurement SBP ≥135 mmHg and/or DBP ≥85 mmHg BP blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, ESC European Society of Cardiology, ESH European Society of Hypertension, SBP systolic blood pressure The most commonly used ABPM parameters are mean daytime, mean night-time, mean 24-h BP, and BP load. BP load is defined as the percentage of readings in a given time period (day, night, 24 h) that exceed a pre-defined threshold BP (typically the ‘normal’ BP for that period).

When comparing hctB sequences from many C. trachomatis specimens it was clear that the size Selleckchem Proteasome inhibitor variation was more complex than could be attributed to simple deletions of a pentamer as previously described. In this study we found elements of 108 bp that are deleted and duplicated within

the hctB gene without a premature stop codon or loss of the reading frame. We have created a nomenclature to characterise the variation in numbers and type of these elements observed in 378 clinically derived and reference specimens of C. trachomatis. Results Hc2 in C. trachomatis 41 hctB gene variants were found among 378 sequences in the MLST database, with the highest level of variation occurring in a region encoding consecutive amino acid pentamers. The pentamers have two positively find more charged residues (arginine and lysine) and three other residues that are mainly alanine, but also valine, threonine and proline (Figure 1). The pentamers result in evenly distributed positive charges throughout the Hc2 protein, except for the C-terminal domain (Figure 2). This charge distribution is in Milciclib contrast to the DNA-binding C-terminal domain of Hc1 that has a random distribution of positive charges. The C-terminal domain of both Hc1 and Hc2 lack negatively charged residues. Figure 1 Amino acid alignment of the 14 variants

of repetitive elements (A-M) found in Hc2 of Chlamydia trachomatis among 378 specimens in the MLST database. Figure 2 Charge distribution Liothyronine Sodium in Hc2, Hc2-like proteins and Hc1. Positively charged residues (blue bars) and negatively charged residues (red bars) in the protein sequence of Hc2 in Chlamydia trachomatis,

Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Protochlamydia amoebophila, an Hc2-like protein in Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans and Hc1 in Chlamydia trachomatis. Analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed that there was a repetitive structure within Hc2, with repetitive elements of 36 amino acids built up by six pentamers and one hexamer (Figure 1). The repetitive region in Hc2 is 72-144 amino acids long and has from two to four repetitive elements. Repetitive elements with deletions of 1-4 hexamer/pentamers are relatively rare though elements of 16, 20, 21, 26, 30 and 31 amino acids have been found. A nomenclature was devised that enabled classification of the repetitive elements into 14 groups (denoted 1-14) based on the protein sequence (Figure 1) and 20 subgroups (1a, 1b, 2a etc) based on silent substitutions at the nucleotide level. There are 22 combinations of repetitive elements at the protein level (i.e. 1, 5 and 1, 5, 5) and 30 configurations at the nucleotide level (i.e. 1b, 5b and 1b, 5b, 5b) of Hc2 based on the 378 specimens in the MLST database (Figure 3).

In contrast, the cbbA genes may actually encode for two different enzymes (cbbA I and cbbA II ), although there is high identity between the two genes (79%). cbbA II genes are usually confined to simple organisms such as bacteria and fungi while cbbA I is selleck compound present only some bacteria such as R. sphaeroides, but is mostly confined to higher level organisms, including plants and animals. It could be that these two cbbA genes in R. sphaeroides are therefore different although they share high homology as these two enzymes NSC23766 mw are thought to have evolved from convergent evolution [62, 63]. However, in many instances,

there is not markedly homology between cbbA I and cbbA II [63]. Therefore, the physiological significance of these duplications, including those involving cbbA and cbbM, need to be

further studied biochemically and molecularly to better understand their relationships. Ancient gene duplications predated the existence of two chromosomes in R. sphaeroides Since the overwhelming majority of gene PND-1186 mw duplication in the current day R. sphaeroides genome are orthologs and originated prior to or at the time of lineage formation, these findings also validate previous results that a large-scale gene duplication event might have occurred prior to the speciation of R. sphaeroides [28]. and possibly even before the diversification of the α-3 Proteobacteria [52]. The HGT analysis conducted suggests that the contribution of laterally transferred genes to the duplicated genes is not very significant. It must also be noted that with the sequencing of new organisms and strains, it is possible that new ortholog matches to these gene duplications could be found. However,

even so, such new sequences could only change Type-B trees to Type-A trees. Such an understanding aids the mentioned finding that an overwhelming majority of the gene duplications are Type-A. Another issue that must be noted is that it is possible that genes in relatively recent duplications in separate R. sphaeroides strains could have evolved to look more like functional homologs in other species. However, 61.54% of the 234 R. sphaeroides 2.4.1 gene pairs were found in at least one other R. sphaeroides strain. Moreover, the functional constraints data among the 28 common gene pairs Ribonucleotide reductase shows that these pairs are under negative selection and are therefore strongly conserved in function. It is likely then that the majority of gene duplications in R. sphaeroides are undergoing negative selection as well. In addition, the identification of homologous gene pairs among the other three strains of R. sphaeroides reveals that although a gene duplication event may have occurred prior to the formation of R. sphaeroides lineage, significant gene loss or retention has occurred among all R. sphaeroides strains. The distribution of matches on R.

Individuals of solitary specimens were counted (anterior parts) and the biomass of all species weighed (wet). Biomass was included to avoid having to estimate the numbers of individuals in colonial species, and for comparison of solitary and colonial species distributions. The fauna was characterised by total species richness, solitary species richness, individual numbers (solitary species) and biomass (all species). Shannon–Wiener diversity indices were calculated from both the biomass composition of all species and from the abundance

AZD4547 composition of solitary species using the function H′ = Σ (pi × (log2 pi)) where pi is the proportion of the i’th species of the total sample (Krebs 1989). Relationships of the above parameters with aggregation volume were investigated through regression. Since space often is limiting on hard substrate and new additional space colonised immediately (Jackson 1977), linear trend

lines intersecting the origin were used for individual numbers and biomass, which were believed to increase continuously with the additional substrate and cavities provided by larger aggregations. Habitat number is not expected to increase 4SC-202 molecular weight continuously with additional substrate and cavities but rather reach a maximum involving a certain amount of associated species, and geometric trend lines were therefore used for solitary and total species richness regression against aggregation volume. Results In totally 4.4 l of Filograna implexa aggregations (n = 8) we identified 61 solitary species (4663 individuals) and 38 colonial species that weighed 160.3 g together (Table 2). However, many different crustacean specimens were not identified to the species level but rather merged in congregated taxonomic groups (Caprellida, Gammaridea, Isopoda; Table 1, Appendix Table 2), and the total species number was therefore even higher. The Filograna aggregations protruded approximately 10 cm from the substrate and covered in total less than 0.05 m2. The observed species

richness is therefore very high. There were few predominating species. On average, only 16 species were represented by more than three individuals, and eight species with find more more than 0.5 g of biomass per aggregation. This reflects the very high biodiversity within the small aggregations. Only the congregated taxon Gammaridea spp. was present with more than 100 individuals on average per aggregation (Table 1), but these represented many species. The average Filograna aggregate volume was 0.55 l (SE = 0.14), the Shannon–Wiener diversities 2.8 (abundance, SE = 0.29) and 2.7 (biomass, SE = 0.27), the solitary species number 30.4 (SE = 4.0), the total species number 46.9 (SE = 5.6), the individual number 582.9 (SE = 263.1), and the biomass 20.04 g (SE = 5.1) per aggregation. Shannon–Wiener indices varied from low (1.3) to high (3.5), demonstrating from skew to even SB-715992 distributions of species.