Animals Healthy female SCID mice aged about 4 weeks were purchased from Shanghai Experimental Animal Center of Chinese Academic of Sciences (Shanghai, China), housed in specific pathogen-free conditions, and treated in accordance with guidelines of the Committee on Animals of Changhai Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University (Shanghai China). Pharmacokinetics and in vivodistribution analysis The pharmacokinetics (PK) and in vivo distribution analysis was done following click here Joseph

M. Tuscano’s study with minor revisions [31]. Briefly, Daudi cells (1 × 107) were inoculated subcutaneously into the right flank of 6-week-old SCID mice. For PK assays, when tumors reached about 50 to 60 mm3 MM-102 chemical structure in volume (approximately 14 days), mice were randomly administrated tail vein injection of free ADR, non-irrad or irrad ADR-containing immunoliposomes at a dosage of 5 mg ADR/kg (n = 3 mice per treatment). Then, 10 μL of blood were collected through tail vein nicking from each mouse at 5, 15, and 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after treatment, respectively. Samples were immediately diluted into 250 μL of 0.5 mmol/L

EDTA-PBS, followed by a centrifugation this website (300 g × 5 min). Plasma was collected and ADR was extracted by acidified isopropanol (75 mmol/L hydrochloric acid in 90% isopropanol) at 4°C for 20 h. The ADR concentrations were measured by UV at 480 nm and expressed as micrograms per milliliter (ADR/blood plasma). The data were analyzed by the PK solver software [32]. For biodistribution assays, tumor-bearing mice were randomly administrated tail vein injection of free ADR, PC-ADR-BSA, or PC-ADR-Fab at a dosage of 5 mg ADR/kg (n = 3 mice per treatment). Mice were sacrificed 24 h after treatment; part of tumor, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs were removed, washed, and weighed; and single-cell suspensions were made. ADR

was extracted from cells by the abovementioned acidified isopropanol for 20 h at 4°C. The ADR concentrations were determined as described above and expressed as micrograms per gram (ADR/tissue). What’s more, part of the tumor tissues were collected and subjected to frozen Amobarbital sections, which were detected by a confocal microscrope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). In vivoantitumor activity assessment in disseminated human NHL xeno-transplant models Six-week-old SCID mice were injected via the tail vein with 5 × 106 Daudi cells in 100 μL PBS. Then, the inoculated mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups with 10 each for the treatment of PBS, free ADR, PC-ADR-BSA, and PC-ADR-Fab (with an equivalent amount of 5 mg/kg ADR) via the tail vein weekly for 3 times after 48 h. Post-operation monitoring was exercised at least once a day until natural death in a range of 120 days.

Using a scenario already proposed by Empedocles, the emerged single-organ organisms then formed by symbiogenesis (Margulis, 1981) the numerous multiple-organ animals (metazoans) of the Cambrian Ruxolitinib price explosion. Agar, J.N. (1963). Thermogalvanic cells.

Advances in Electrochemistry and Electroengineering, 3:31–121. Kirschvink, J.L. (1992). Late Proterozoic low-latitude global glaciation: the Snowball Earth. In Schopf, J.W. and Klein, C., editors, The Proterozoic biosphere: A multidisciplinary Study, pages 51–52. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Margulis, L. (1981). Symbiosis in cell evolution, Freeman, San Francisco, CA. McConnaughey, T.A. and Whelan, J.F. (1997). Calcification generates protons for nutrient and bicarbonate uptake. Earth-Science Reviews, 42:95–117. Muller, A.W.J. (1995). Were the first organisms heat engines? Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 63:193–231. Muller, A.W.J. (2005). Thermosynthesis as energy source for the RNA world: A model for the bioenergetics of the origin of life. BioSystems, 82:93–102. Muller,

A.W.J. and Schulze-Makuch, this website D. (2006). Thermal energy and the origin of life. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, 36:177–189. Purcell, E.M. (1977). Life at low Reynolds number. American Journal of Physics, 45:3–11. Sun, F.J. and Caetano-Anollés, G. (2008). The origin and evolution of tRNA inferred from phylogenetic analysis of structure. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 66:21–35. Liothyronine Sodium E-mail: a.​w.​j.​muller@uva.​nl www.selleckchem.com/products/nu7441.html Stromatolite of Possible Archean Age from Bundelkhand Craton, Central India J. K. Pati*, G. Shukla, A. K. Rao,

S. Yadav Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Nehru Science Center, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India The Archean stromatolites are rare and reported from 48 locations from different parts of world with an age range between 2,500 and 3,500 Ma (Schopf et al. 2007). The present study reports the first occurrence of stromatolites in calc-silicate lithology (N 25°18′14.9″, E 78°05′32.2″; elevation: 312 ± 10.9 m) occurring 4.4 km WNW of Dhala, Shivpuri District, Madhya Pradesh State, India. The calc-silicate lithology occupies nearly 4.3 km2 area. The calc-silicate rocks form linear, low-lying, and blocky outcrops. It is intimately associated with diorite in the north, and intrusive micro-granites of its southern part. The calc-silicate rock is light greenish grey in colour with alternating moderate to dark bands of variable thickness and comprises quartz + hornblende + alkali feldspar + diopside ± zircon ± epidote ± sericite ± calcite ± opaque. The stromatolite-bearing calc-silicate rock is older than the host granitoids (2.5 Ga). It is interesting to note that, the stromatolite-bearing calc-silicate rock is one of the pre-impact rock types associated with a newly discovered Dhala impact structure (N 25°17′59.7″ and E 78°8′3.1″) of Paleoproterozoic age (Pati 2005 and Pati et al., in press).

Since the average lifespan is Abemaciclib mw currently 78.6 years for males and 85.6 years for females, a rapid increase of elderly patients with colorectal cancer is predicted in this country. Accordingly, it is problematic if elderly patients cannot receive effective chemotherapy simply because of their age, so the establishment of safe and effective standard therapy for elderly Japanese patients is important. In Western countries, however, it is considered

possible to treat the elderly with standard therapy, provided TSA HDAC that the performance status (PS) is good, the function of major organs is maintained, and there are no uncontrolled complications. Goldberg et al. [20] reported that Grade 3/4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia showed higher rates in elderly patients, but there were no differences of the response rate and safety of FOLFOX therapy between elderly patients over 70 years old and younger patients as a result of meta-analysis. In present study,

the elderly group was defined as patients more than 70 years old to assess the safety and efficacy of mFOLFOX6 therapy. We found that the incidence of Grade 3–4 neutropenia tended to be higher in elderly patients than younger patients, but there was Selleck GNS-1480 no statistical significance (62.5% vs. 28.6%, P = 0.1347). Also, the incidence and severity of other adverse events in this study were generally comparable to those reported in Western countries [20]. The regimen was tolerable and there were no deaths due to toxicity. When setting the dose-reduction criteria and GBA3 the method of administration after occurrence of adverse events, it was decided that the dose of oxaliplatin would not be reduced, and that bolus 5-FU would be deleted due to the possibility that dose-limiting hematological toxicity such as neutropenia (which showed a high incidence in this study) might be caused by rapid intravenous injection of 5-FU [21–23]. After bolus 5-FU was stopped in accordance with the dose-reduction criteria (Table

1) due to grade 4 neutropenia in 3 patients (one younger patient and 2 elderly patients) during this study, treatment could be continued safely until PD occurred. Peripheral neuropathy is a characteristic adverse reaction to oxaliplatin and is the dose-limiting toxicity of this drug. Occurrence of neuropathy is dependent on the total dose of oxaliplatin, and grade 3–4 neuropathy (NCI-CTC criteria) shows an incidence of about 15% when the total dose reaches 750 to 800 mg/m2[24]. The dose-dependent neuropathy caused by oxaliplatin is reversible after suspension/omission of the drug, and treatment using a stop-and-go strategy (with reinstitution of therapy after recovery from toxicity) achieves favorable survival [25] and is well tolerated by elderly patients over 75 years old [26]. In the present study, neuropathy showed a lower incidence than that mentioned above, but there was a similar correlation between the total dose of oxaliplatin and the severity of neuropathy in both the younger and elderly groups (Figure 2).

Lymph node metastasis (pN+, SBE-��-CD p < 0.0001, Hazard Ratio (HR) = 12.1940, 95% CI = 5.9509 - 24.9867), pT-category (pT3/4, p < 0.0001, HR = 3.8447, 95% CI = 1.5309 - 9.6553) and grading (G3/4, p < 0.0001, HR = 4.0652, 95% CI = 1.7123 - 9.6514) were shown to be unfavorable factors in univariate analysis in the whole population of all EACs (n = 60). Survival in subgroup with high LgR5 expression in BE (n = 41, p = 0.0278, HR = 3.5145, 95% CI = 1.5050 - 8.2073, Figure 4a), adjacent EACs (n = 41, p = 0.039, HR = 2.8408, 95% CI = 1.2496 - 6.4582) and all EACs (n = 60, p = 0.0325, HR = 2.4175, 95% CI = 1.1719 - 4.9872, Figure 4b) was significantly

poorer in comparison to the subgroup of patients with low expression of LgR5

(Table 1 and 2). Data suggest that LgR5 expression in BE and adjacent EACs is associated with clinical pathological Idasanutlin supplier features which may predict worse clinical outcome of related (adjacent) adenocarcinomas. Multivariate analysis using the Cox Proportional Hazards Model demonstrate lymph node metastasis and grading but not LgR5 expression as independent prognostic factors in all (n = 60) EACs (LN positive: Exp (b) 9.1861; 95% CI of Exp (b) 2.0665 – 40.8346; p = 0.003746. Grading G3/4: Exp (b) 2.2593; 95% CI of Exp (b) 1.0171 – 5.0186; p = 0.4643). Figure 4 Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Overall survival curves calculated by Kaplan-Meier Thalidomide method in Barrett-associated EACs (Figure 4a) and the whole population of all EACs (Figure 4b), respectively. Survival of patients with EAC was better when BE showed low LgR5 expression compared to high LgR5 expression. This was shown for BE in association with EAC (p = 0.0278) (a) and the whole population of EACs (b), respectively (p = 0.0325). The times of the censored data are indicated

by short vertical lines. Discussion Similar to other solid tumor entities [8], a stem cell hypothesis has been proposed for Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and its association with EAC [13]. However, this hypothesis has not undergone thorough investigation so far. An intestinal stem cell marker, LgR5 has been proposed [13], but have also not been thoroughly addressed in histogenetic studies. Our results of LgR5 expression in EAC with and without BE, as well as the adjacent Barrett mucosa suggest that LgR5 might be a promising marker to further address the stem cell hypothesis. In esophageal SCC – as expected no LgR5 expression was found, which is due to the fact that ESCC is not derived from an intestinal (glandular) type epithelium. Several studies have already focused on the Bcl-2 inhibitor effects of different LgR5 expression in the context of tumor development and progression.

(C) PAO1 is bactericidal to AH133. Two sets of wells containing

ASM+ were inoculated with AH133 and incubated for 8 h. PAO1/pMP7605 was added to one set of wells and incubation of both sets was continued for 56 h. At the specified time points, the gelatinous mass was obtained and the CFU/ml of each species was determined using selective media (Methods). White bars: AH133 CFU/ml in single culture; green bars, CFU/ml of AH133 in the co-culture; red bars, CFU/ml of PAO1/pMP7605 from the co-culture. Values represent see more the means of at least three independent experiments ± SEM. This observed phenomenon could be due to the dispersion of the AH133 BLS or a bactericidal effect of PAO1 on AH133. Therefore, at each time point, the gelatinous masses containing AH133 alone or AH133 plus PAO1 were vortexed, serially diluted, and the CFU/ml determined. Aliquots of each dilution were spotted on Pseudomonas isolation agar for P. aeruginosa and mannitol salt agar for S. aureus. At all tested time points, the CFU/ml of the single selleck products AH133 biofilm was similar (about 1 x 107) (Figure 11C, white bars). However, the CFU/ml of AH133 within the mixed BLS was visibly reduced 8 h after addition of PAO1 and significantly reduced at 40 and 56 h, with no CFU of AH133 recovered 56 h post addition of PAO1 (Figure 11C, green bars). In contrast, the CFU/ml of

PAO1/pMP7605 within the mixed BLS dropped between 8 and 16 h post biofilm initiation but did not change significantly after 16 h (Figure 11C, red bars). These results suggest that PAO1 exerts a bactericidal effect, and that the development of the P. aeruginosa BLS in the co-culture proceeded at the expense of the S. aureus BLS. Discussion CF sputum is a highly viscous secretion in which PAO1 grows readily. PAO1 forms conventional biofilms on abiotic surfaces [13, 19, 35], but it develops macrocolonies, tight aggregates consisting of numerous

microcolonies, in ASM and the CF lung [16, 21]. While PAO1 formed a typical flat undifferentiated biofilm that completely MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit covered the substratum with a homogenous distribution of the biovolume in a continuous flow-through system, it grew almost exclusively as discrete microcolonies that eventually formed a mature biofilm on a mucin-covered glass surface [19]. Based on these results, Landry et al. suggested that mucin interacts with specific PAO1 adhesins thereby immobilizing the Verteporfin molecular weight bacteria onto the glass surface [19]. In our analysis, the observed BLS developed exclusively within the gelatinous mass formed by ASM+ and not on the surface of the well (Figure 1). It is likely that through the initial interaction of these putative adhesins, individual PAO1 bacteria adhere to the mucin glycoprotein forming the nuclei of the microcolonies and leaving no bacteria to adhere to the plastic surface.

genitalium by reproductive tract ECs was assessed using the gentamicin invasion assay [26]. The sensitivity of M. genitalium strains G37 and M2300 to gentamicin was established first by inoculation of log-phase organisms into Friis FB medium with gentamicin concentrations ranging from 100–400 ug/mL. No M. genitalium growth was observed at 200 or 400 ug/mL therefore a working concentration of 200 ug/mL was employed in subsequent studies to minimize EC uptake of gentamicin and subsequent killing of intracellular M. genitalium. Confirmatory studies were completed subsequently

using 400 ug/mL gentamicin. As a representative genital EC type, ME-180 cells were seeded into 96-well plates 1d prior to infection at a density of 1 × 105 cells/well. Log-phase M. genitalium was inoculated onto ME-180 cells (MOI of 100) in triplicate.

Following 3 h incubation, CB-839 manufacturer when M. genitalium BVD-523 in vivo appeared to be attached to and invading genital ECs (see Figure 1), the inoculum was removed and replaced with fresh medium containing gentamicin. At 15 min, 24 and 48 h following removal of the inoculum, culture supernatants were removed and the infected cells were washed 3× with sterile PBS. Cells then were removed from the well by scraping into Friis FB medium followed by plating serial 10-fold dilutions prepared in Friis FB medium into a 96-well plate. Outgrowth of M. genitalium from infected ME-180 cells was observed for 14d. The load of viable M. genitalium from each sample was calculated by titration as described above. Figure 1 Cultivation of M. genitalium and ultrastructural analysis of attachment to vaginal epithelial cells. M. genitalium G37 or M2300 were grown to log-phase in Friis FB medium. (A) Light micrograph of attached G37 microcolonies grown in culture flasks containing HSP90 Friis FB medium taken using Variable Relief Contrast (VAREL). (B) TEM micrograph of a single G37 microcolony after 3d growth in Friis FB medium showing highly variable size and morphology. (C) Within M. genitalium G37 microcolonies, an elongated tip-like structure (arrow) was observed. (D) TEM micrograph M. genitalium strain M2300 showing similar variable morphology

compared to G37 and formation of an electron-dense tip structure. Log-phase M. genitalium were harvested from Friis medium and then inoculated onto vaginal EC monolayers for ultrastructural analysis of attachment. (E) SEM micrograph of M. genitalium G37 attached to vaginal ECs (2 h PI). (F) TEM micrograph of M. genitalium G37 attached to vaginal ECs collected 3 h PI. An Z-VAD-FMK nmr electron dense core structure presumably involved in attachment and invasion of vaginal ECs is highlighted by the oval. Similar electron dense cores were observed in some tip structures and can be seen in panel C. The gentamicin invasion assay also was utilized to investigate whether intracellular M. genitalium were able to escape from the infected ECs. For these experiments, ME-180 cervical ECs were infected with M.

Persoonia 33:1–40 Rambaut A, Drummond A (2008) Fig Tree: Tree figure drawing tool, version 1.2. 2. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh Rehner SA, Uecker FA (1994) Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer phylogeny and host diversity in the coelomycete Phomopsis. Can J otany 72:166–167 Ronquist

F, Huelsenbeck JP, van der Mark P (2005) MrBayes 3.1 Manual. Published online at: http://​mrbayes.​csit.​fsu.​edu/​manual.​php. Rossman AY, Farr DF, Castlebury LA (2007) A review of the phylogeny and biology of the Diaporthales. Mycoscience 48:135–144 Rossman PI3K inhibitor AY, Udayanga D, Castlebury LA, Hyde KD (2014) Proposal to conserve the name Diaporthe eres, with a conserved type, against all other competing names (Ascomycota, Diaporthales, Selleckchem FHPI Diaporthaceae). Taxon. accepted Salgado-Salazar C, Rossman AY, Chaverri P (2013) Not as ubiquitous as we thought: taxonomic crypsis, hidden diversity and cryptic speciation in the cosmopolitan

fungus Thelonectria discophora (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota). PLoS ONE 8(10):e76737. doi:10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0076737 PubMedCentralPubMed Salichos L, Rokas A (2013) Inferring ancient divergences requires genes with strong phylogenetic signals. Nature 497:327–331PubMed Santos JM, Phillips AJL (2009) Resolving the complex of Diaporthe (Phomopsis) species occurring on Foeniculum vulgare in Portugal. Fungal Divers 34:111–125 Santos JM, Correia VG, Phillips AJL (2010) Primers for mating-type diagnosis in Diaporthe and Phomopsis: Selonsertib their use in teleomorph induction in vitro and biological species definition. Fungal Biol 114:255–270PubMed Santos JM, Vrandečić K, Ćosić J, Duvnjak T, Phillips AJL (2011) Resolving the Diaporthe species occurring on soybean in Croatia. Persoonia 27:9–19PubMedCentralPubMed Schoch Tryptophan synthase CL, Seifert KA, Huhndorf S, Robert V, Spouge JL et al (2012) Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region

as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:6241–6246PubMedCentralPubMed Schoch CL, Robbertse B, Robert V, Vu D, Cardinali G, Irinyi L, Kraichak E (2014) Finding needles in haystacks: linking scientific names, reference specimens and molecular data for Fungi. Database. doi:10.​1093/​database/​bau061 PubMedCentralPubMed Sharma G, Kumar N, Weir BS, Hyde KD, Shenoy BD (2013) Apmat gene can resolve Colletotrichum species: a case study with Mangifera indica. Fungal Divers 61:117–138 Sieber TN (2007) Endophytic fungi in forest trees: are they mutualists? Fungal Biol Rev 21(2):75–89 Sieber TN, Dorworth CE (1994) An ecological study about assemblages of endophytic fungi in Acer macrophyllum in British Columbia: in search of candidate mycoherbicides.

Ileocecal resection was performed through extension of the Mc-Burney incision in 28 patients, but 4 patients had required a separate midline incision because of difficulty of exposure. Right hemicolectomy was performed through conversion to a midline incision in all 16

patients. Primary PCI-34051 manufacturer end-to-side ileocolic anastomosis was performed in all cases. Figure 4 An unexpected ileocecal mass (red arrow). Final pathology of the specimen is malign mesenquimal tumor. During surgery, the surgeons examined the specimens macroscopically and in 16 patients malignancy was suspected. The histopathologic diagnoses of these patients were tuberculosis in 4, appendiceal phlegmon in 4, non-spesific granulomatous in 2, appendecular endometriosis in 2

and malign mesenquimal neoplasm Sapanisertib in 4 patients. Totally the histopathologic diagnosises were as follows, appendiceal phlegmon in 18, perforated cecal diverticulitis in 12, tuberculosis in 6, appendiceal and cecal rupture in 4 patients, malign mesenquimal neoplasm in 4 patients, non-spesific granulomatous in 2 and appendecular endometriosis in 2 patients (Table 6) (Figure 5). Figure 5 Ileocecal Tuberculosis. Tuberculous granulomatous lesions showing caseous necrosis in the centre, and a prominent cuff of lymphocytes and plasma cells at the periphery. Table 6 The final pathology Findings Number of cases % Appendiceal phlegmon 18 37,5 Perforated cecal Staurosporine purchase diverticulitis 12 25,0 Tuberculosis 6 12,5 Appendiceal-cecal rupture 4 8,3 Malign mesenquimal neoplasm 4 8,3 Non-spesific granulomatous 2 4,2 Appendecular endometriosis check details 2 4,2 There was no mortality and all of the patients were discharged in good health. There was only one complication of wound infection. The postoperative hospital stay duration was between 1 to 7 days, especially depending on the co-morbidity of the patients. Discussion Appendicitis is the most common cause of acute abdomen requiring emergency surgery. Only half of the patients present classical clinical diagnosis of appendix infection [1]. Sometimes inflammatory

cecal masses or cancers mimick acute appendicitis and during the operation the surgeons can not distinguish the pathology. Inflammation and cancer frequently form masses which are hardly distinguishable, and surgeons are often challenged to determine the pathologic origin of an inflammatory mass. Such masses involving the cecum are relatively uncommon when one excludes those resulting from appendicitis. Because such lesions are rare they are often reported, many are found unexpectedly at emergency operations as lesions simulating appendicitis [9]. Although most of the appendicular masses are benign and can be solved simplistically, a number of other conditions, some of them sinister, can be a dilemma for the surgeons.

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