) auf das Walker-Karzinosarkom der Ratte. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1975, 87: 131–132.PubMed 129. Burger AM, Mengs U, Schüler JB, Zinke H, Lentzen H, Fiebig HH: Recombinant mistletoe lectin (ML) is a potent inhibitor of tumor

cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research 1999, 40: 399. 130. Timoshenko AV, Lan Y, Gabius H-J, Lala PK: Immunotherapy of C3H/HeJ mammary adenocarcinoma with interleukin-2, mistletoe lectin or their combination. effects on tumour growth, capillary leakage and nitric oxide (NO) production. Eur J Cancer 2001, 37: 1910–1920.PubMedCrossRef 131. Franz H: Viscaceae lectins. In Advances in lectin research. Volume 2. Edited by: Franz H. Berlin, Volk und Gesundheit; 1989:28–59. 132. Vester F: Über die kanzerostatischen und immunogenen Eigenschaften von Mistelproteinen. Krebsgeschehen 1977, 5: 106–114. 133. Müller J: Verfahren zur Gewinnung eines Arzneimittels. (C 24971 selleck chemicals IVa/30h), 1–12. 24–5-1962. Bundesrepublik

Deutschland 134. Schumacher U, Feldhaus S, Mengs U: Recombinant mistletoe lectin (rML) is successful in treating human ovarian cancer cells transplanted into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Cancer Lett 2000, 150: 171–175.PubMedCrossRef 135. Ziegler R, Grossarth-Maticek R: Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis of Survival and MGCD0103 molecular weight Psychosomatic Self-regulation from Published Prospective Controlled Cohort find more Studies for Long-term Therapy of Breast Cancer Patients with a Mistletoe Preparation (Iscador). eCam 2008. 136. Büssing A, Girke M, Heckmann C, Schad F, Ostermann T, Kröz M: Validation of the self-regulation questionnaire as a measure of health

in quality of life research. Eur J Med Res 2009, 14 (5) : 223–227.PubMed 137. Rostock M, Huber R: Randomized and double-blind studies – demands and reality as demonstrated by two examples of mistletoe research. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd. 2004, 11 Suppl: 18–22.PubMedCrossRef 138. Chvetzoff G, Tannock I: Placebo Effects in Oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003, Metalloexopeptidase 95: 19–29.PubMedCrossRef 139. Kienle GS, Kiene H: The powerful placebo effect. Fact or fiction? J Clin Epidemiol 1997, 50: 1311–1318.PubMedCrossRef 140. Hróbjartsson A, Gøtzsche P: Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. N Engl J Med 2001, 344: 1594–1602.PubMedCrossRef 141. Wode K, Schneider T, Lundberg I, Kienle GS: Mistletoe treatment in cancer-related fatigue: a case report. Cases Journal 2009, 2: 77.PubMedCrossRef 142. Stone R, Richardson A, Ream E, Smith AG, Kerr DJ, Kearney N: Cancer-related fatigue: Inevitable, unimportant and untreatable? Results of a multi-centre patient survey. Ann Oncol 2000, 11: 971–975.PubMedCrossRef 143. Carroll JK, Kohli S, Mustian KM, Roscoe JA, Morrow GR: Pharmacologic treatment of cancer-related fatigue. Oncologist 2007, 12: 43–51.PubMedCrossRef 144.

2007; Milton and Rahman 2002; Parvez et al. 2008; von Ehrenstein et al. 2005). Most data, however, involve adults with recent exposures. The long-term impacts of early-life arsenic exposures are largely unknown. An ecologic study of northern Chile found

increased lung cancer, bronchiectasis, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality several decades after high in utero and early-childhood arsenic exposure (Smith et al. 2006). In this paper, we Cediranib cost present a pilot study on adult lung function in relation to estimated early-life exposure in the same region using individual-level data. Materials and methods Study area Northern Chile is among the driest places on Earth. Nearly Ganetespib ic50 everyone there obtains water from municipal supplies, which have arsenic measurements dating back to the 1950s. The absence of alternative water sources means that people’s lifetime arsenic exposures can be estimated simply by knowing in which cities they lived. In Antofagasta (population 257,976), drinking water arsenic concentrations were about 90 μg/l until 1958, when arsenic-contaminated rivers were tapped to supply the growing population. Drinking water concentrations selleck products averaged 870 μg/l until the world’s first large arsenic removal plant became operational in May 1970. From then on, concentrations remained below 150 μg/l with few exceptions. Current levels are around 10 μg/l, the World Health Organization guideline (WHO

2004). This unusual exposure scenario created a population of tens of thousands of people exposed to high levels of arsenic in utero or as young children but not as adults. By contrast, the nearby city of Arica (population 193,788)

has always had drinking water arsenic levels around 10 μg/l. Other cities in northern Chile had variable arsenic levels, but none approached those of Antofagasta (Ferreccio et al. 2000). Study design and participants In this pilot study, we compared lung function and prevalence of respiratory symptoms in adults with and without high early-life arsenic exposures. The exposed population comprised long-term residents of Antofagasta, while the unexposed comparison group comprised mostly long-term residents of Arica. A convenience sample was recruited by 2 local nurse-interviewers in each city, who invited employees at the major nursing schools (Universidad Tarapacá de Arica and Universidad Ribociclib solubility dmso de Antofagasta) through personal communication and fliers posted on campus. Interviews and lung function tests were conducted from August 11–21, 2008, in a classroom on campus for 3 days in each city. In total, we enrolled 97 subjects, primarily administrative staff, custodians, and facility workers. Participants were 32–65 years old, such that they would have been young children or in utero during the high exposure period in Antofagasta. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review boards of the University of California, Berkeley, and the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.

In this light, we urge the CITES Management Authorities from Thailand Selumetinib solubility dmso and Kazakhstan to scrutinize the trade involving captive-bred specimens of Dendrobatidae. We furthermore recommend the CITES

Management Authorities of the range States (Colombia, Peru, Suriname, Brazil amongst others) to follow up on this issue with the Management Authorities in Thailand and Kazakhstan. While the described trade in CITES II-listed poison arrow frogs in Asia may be exceptional, discrepancies in reported levels of international wildlife trade are not (e.g. Blundell and Mascia 2005) and we urge conservationists and others interested in regulating wildlife trade to explore other similar cases, retrospectively or in real time, and report discrepancies to the relevant authorities. Acknowledgments We thank Steve Gorzula and Matthew Todd for Selleck AP24534 information on the poison arrow trade, and Claire

Beastall for preparing the map. We thank Watana Vetayaprasit, Director of the CITES Management Authority of Thailand for providing information on the import of CITES-listed amphibians into Thailand. Victor J.T. Loehr, Maylynn Engler and two anonymous reviewers are thanked for constructive comments. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. References Bartlett CP673451 RD (2003) Poison dart frogs: facts and advice on care and breeding. Barron’s Educational Series, Hauppauge Blundell AG, Mascia MB (2005) Discrepancies in reported levels of international wildlife trade. Conserv Biol 19:2020–2025CrossRef

Brown JL, Schulte R, Summers K (2006) A new species of Dendrobates (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Amazonian lowlands of Peru. Zootaxa 1152:45–58 CITES (2009) CITES glossary. http://​www.​cites.​org/​eng/​resources/​terms/​glossary.​shtml#c. Accessed 15 Nov 2009 Clough M, Summers K (2000) Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of the poison frogs: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Ketotifen Biol J Linn Soc 70:515–540 Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD (2003) Infectious disease and amphibian population declines. Divers Distrib 9:141–150 Duarte-Quiroga A, Estrada A (2003) Primates as pets in Mexico city: an assessment of the species involved, source of origin, and general aspects of treatment. Am J Primatol 61:53–60PubMed Frost DR (2004) Amphibian species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. http://​research.​amnh.​org/​herpetology/​amphibia/​index.​php. Accessed 15 Nov 2009 Gorzula S (1996) The trade in dendrobatid frogs from 1987 to 1993.