inhibitory neurons on memory formation. We chose to use a hippocampus-dependent behavioral task involving location-dependent object recognition (LOR). The double transgenic mice, with the AlstRs selectively expressed in excitatory pyramidal neurons or inhibitory interneurons, were cannulated, targeting dorsal hippocampus to allow the infusion of the receptor ligand (the allatostatin [AL] peptide) in a time dependent manner. Compared to control animals, AL-infused animals showed no long-term memory for object location. While inactivation of excitatory or inhibitory neurons produced opposite effects on hippocampal circuit activity in vitro, the effects in vivo were similar.

Both types of inactivation experiments resulted in mice exhibiting no long-term memory for object location. Together, these results demonstrate Akt inhibitor that the Cre-directed, AlstR-based system is a powerful tool for cell-type specific manipulations in a behaving animal and suggest that activity of either excitatory neurons or inhibitory interneurons

is essential for proper long-term object location memory formation.”
“The longitudinal relationship between dietary n-6 to n-3 PUFAs ratio and periodontal disease in 235 Japanese subjects for whom data were available for the years 2003-2006 was CYT387 mouse investigated. PUFAs intake was assessed at baseline with a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Full-mouth periodontal status, measured as the clinical attachment level (CAL), was recorded at baseline and once a year for

3 years. The number of teeth with a change in the loss of CAL >= 3 mm at any site over a year was calculated as ‘periodontal disease events’. Poisson regression analysis was conducted, with dietary n-6 to n-3 PUFAs ratio as the main predictor, to estimate its influence on periodontal disease events. A high dietary n-6 to n-3 PUFAs ratio was significantly associated with greater number of periodontal disease events. The findings suggest the dietary n-6 to n-3 PUFAs ratio is associated with periodontal disease among older Japanese. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The RG7420 mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is an important regulator of protein synthesis and is essential for various forms of hippocampal memory. Here, we asked whether the enhancement of object recognition memory consolidation produced by dorsal hippocampal infusion of 17 beta-estradiol (E-2) is dependent on mTOR signaling in the dorsal hippocampus, and whether E-2-induced mTOR signaling is dependent on dorsal hippocampal phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. We first demonstrated that the enhancement of object recognition induced by E-2 was blocked by dorsal hippocampal inhibition of ERK, PI3K, or mTOR activation.

(C) 2012 Crown Copyright Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“How do we create new artificial proteins? In this review, we present a range of experimental approaches based on combinatorial and directed evolution methods used to explore sequence space and recreate structured

or active proteins. These approaches can help to understand constraints of natural evolution and can lead to new useful proteins. Strategies such as binary patterning or modular assembly can efficiently speed structural and functional innovation. Many natural protein architectures are symmetric or repeated and presumably have emerged by coalescence of simpler fragments. This process can be experimentally reproduced; a range of artificial proteins obtained from idealized fragments has recently been described and some of these have already found direct applications.”
“The major substrate underlying amphetamine (AMPH)-induced locomotor activity selleck chemicals is associated this website with dopamine forebrain circuits. Brain regions associated with AMPH-induced locomotor activity express high levels of retinoid receptors. However, the role of these transcription factors in dopamine-mediated effects remains poorly understood. Two nuclear receptor families, the retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and the retinoid X receptors (RXR), transduce retinoic acid signal. RARs are specifically involved in retinoid signaling, whereas RXRs also participate in other signaling pathways

as partners for other nuclear receptors such as Nur77, an orphan member of the nuclear receptor family expresses in dopamine system.

To explore the role of retinoid receptors and Nur77 in AMPH-induced locomotor activity, we administered Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 selective retinoid receptor drugs in combination with AMPH in adult wild-type and Nur77-deficient

mice. At a low dose, AMPH similarly increased ambulatory activity in wild-type and Nur77-deficient mice, while it did not alter non-ambulatory activity.

At a high dose, AMPH did not alter ambulatory activity anymore, while non-ambulatory activity strongly increased in wild-type mice. Nur77-deficient mice still displayed a higher ambulatory activity with no change in non-ambulatory activity. HX531, a synthetic RXR antagonist, blocks AMPH-induced ambulatory activity, whereas RAR drugs tested remained without effect. Interestingly, the effect of HX531 was abolished in Nur77-deficient mice, suggesting that this orphan nuclear receptor is essential for the action of the RXR drug.

This study shows that RXR and Nur77 participate in AMPH-induced locomotor activity and prompts for further investigations on the role of Nur77 and RXR in addiction and reward-related behaviors.”
“Semliki Forest virus (SFV) is a member of the Alphavirus genus, which produces its replicase proteins in the form of a nonstructural (ns) polyprotein precursor P1234. The maturation of the replicase occurs in a temporally controlled manner by protease activity of nsP2.

Neuropsychopharmacology (2010) 35, 374-387; doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.141; published online 23 September 2009″
“Objective: Endothelial cells express the ectoenzyme ectonucleoside adenosine triphosphate diphosphohydrolase, an apyrase that Cisplatin cost inhibits vascular inflammation by catalyzing the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate. However, ectonucleoside adenosine triphosphate diphosphohydrolase expression is rapidly lost following oxidative stress, leading to the potential for adenosine triphosphate and related purigenic nucleotides to exacerbate acute solid organ

inflammation and injury. We asked if administration of a soluble recombinant apyrase APT102 attenuates lung graft injury in a cold ischemia reperfusion model of rat syngeneic orthotopic lung transplantation.

Methods: Male Fisher 344 donor lungs were cold preserved in a low-potassium

dextrose solution in the presence or absence of APT102 for 18 hours prior to transplantation into syngeneic male Fisher 344 recipients. Seven minutes after reperfusion, lung transplant recipients received either a bolus of APT102 or vehicle (saline solution). Four hours after reperfusion, APT102- and saline solution-treated groups were evaluated for lung graft function and inflammation.

Results: APT102 significantly reduced lung graft extracellular pools of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate, improved oxygenation, and protected against pulmonary edema. Apyrase treatment was associated with attenuated neutrophil graft sequestration and less evidence of tissue inflammation as assessed by myeloperoxidase activity, expression buy Acalabrutinib of proinflammatory mediators, and numbers of apoptotic endothelial cells.

Conclusions: Administration of a soluble recombinant apyrase

promotes lung function and limits the tissue damage induced by prolonged cold storage, indicating Baricitinib that extracellular purigenic nucleotides play a key role in promoting ischemia-reperfusion injury following lung transplantation.”
“Rats selectively bred based on high or low reactivity to a novel environment were characterized for other behavioral and neurobiological traits thought to be relevant to addiction vulnerability. The two lines of animals, which differ in their propensity to self-administer drugs, also differ in the value they attribute to cues associated with reward, in impulsive behavior, and in their dopamine system. When a cue was paired with food or cocaine reward bred high-responder rats (bHRs) learned to approach the cue, whereas bred low-responder rats (bLRs) learned to approach the location of food delivery, suggesting that bHRs but not bLRs attributed incentive value to the cue. Moreover, although less impulsive on a measure of ‘impulsive choice’, bHRs were more impulsive on a measure of ‘impulsive action’-ie, they had difficulty withholding an action to receive a reward, indicative of ‘behavioral disinhibition’.

(C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: More ambulatory urological surgeries are being performed in children due to innovations in techniques and trends in medical care. Pediatric ambulatory surgery centers are seeing more complex procedures that were traditionally hospital based.

Materials and Methods: A total of 343 open renal and bladder procedures were performed by Birinapant in vitro a single pediatric urologist at a freestanding pediatric surgery center (12 miles from a pediatric hospital) between July 2003 and October 2009. Charts were analyzed to determine the demographics and complications necessitating hospitalization within 48 hours of discharge home.

Results: During the study period 28 children

(mean

age 1.62 years, range 4 months to 6 years) TPX-0005 clinical trial underwent nephrectomy, 50 (2.92 years, 3 months to 12 years) underwent pyeloplasty, 216 (4.01 years, 8 months to 21 years) underwent simple ureteral reimplantation and 49 underwent complex ureteral reimplantation (2.79 years, 5 months to 12 years). Two children were acutely transferred to the hospital, 1 for pain management and 1 for respiratory distress. Two additional children were hospitalized within 48 hours, 1 due to partial ureteral obstruction, and 1 due to dehydration and urinary tract infection. All 4 of these patients underwent simple reimplantation surgery.

Conclusions: Carefully selected children undergoing open renal and bladder procedures can

be expected to be discharged home on the same day. Older children, those with significant comorbidities and those undergoing procedures later in the day may not be ideal outpatient candidates. Nephrectomy, pyeloplasty and ureteral reimplantation are excellent outpatient procedures for most children.”
“In rats, neonatal (+)-methamphetamine (MA) exposure and maternal separation stress increase corticosterone during treatment and result in learning and memory impairments later in life. Early-life stress also changes later responses to acute stress. We tested the hypothesis that neonatal MA exposure would alter adult corticosterone after acute stress or MA challenge. Rats were treated with MA (10 mg/kg x 4/day), saline, or handling on postnatal 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase (P) days 11-15 or 11-20 (days that lead to learning and memory impairments at this dose). As adults, corticosterone was measured before and after 15 min forced swim (FS) or 15 min forced confinement (FC), counterbalanced, and after an acute MA challenge (10 mg/kg) given last. FS increased corticosterone more than FC; order and stress type interacted but did not interact with treatment; treatment interacted with FS but not with FC. In the P11-15 regimen, MA-treated rats showed more rapid increases in corticosterone after FS than controls. In the P11-20 regimen, MA-treated rats showed a trend toward more rapid decrease in corticosterone after FS. No differences were found after MA challenge.

“
“It is well established that the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) is involved in regulating social behavior, anxiety, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis physiology in mammals. Because individuals with major depression

often exhibit functional irregularities AZD6738 nmr in these measures, we test in this pilot study whether depressed subjects (n = 11) exhibit dysregulated OT biology compared to healthy control subjects (n = 19). Subjects were hospitalized overnight and blood samples were collected hourly between 1800 and 0900 h. Plasma levels of OT. the closely related neuropeptide argine-vasopressin (AVP), and cortisol were quantified. Results indicated that depressed subjects exhibit increased OT levels compared to healthy control subjects, and this difference is most apparent during the nocturnal peak. No depression-related differences in AVP or cortisol levels were discerned. This depression-related elevation in plasma OT levels is consistent with reports of increased hypothalamic OT-expressing neurons and OT mRNA in depressed patients. This present finding is likewise consistent with the hypothesis that dysregulated OT biology may be a biomarker of the this website emotional distress and impaired social relationships which characterize major

depression. Additional research is required to elucidate the role of OT in the pathophysiology of this psychiatric disorder. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“MARCKS is a ubiquitous actin-binding protein, with special functions in the development of the central nervous system.

We have previously described a neuronal-specific isoform, phosphorylated at serine 25 (S25p-MARCKS), which is present very early during neuronal differentiation in the chick retina. However, very little is known about MARCKS expression or functions in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). In the present work, we analyzed migrating PNS precursor cells in the chick embryo, particularly those originating from the neural crest, and found that they all express a high amount of MARCKS and that a subpopulation of them also contained S25p-MARCKS from early developmental stages. MARCKS protein was also found in dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia during embryo development. Not only is the protein present in these structures but it is also phosphorylated in differentiating PAK5 neurons with a maximal signal on the ganglion periphery, where neurogenesis is occurring. In conclusion, MARCKS is present and phosphorylated at early stages during the differentiation of PNS cells and precursors, indicating that it might also be important for the differentiation of these tissues. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Stigma Questionnaire (ASQ) among a community sample of 301 adolescents ages 11-19 years at high = 192) and low risks (n = 109) for ADHD.

This contribution increases by a factor of two the total number of alpha-neurotoxins sequenced

from the Micrurus genus in currently available literature.”
“Chromatin structure has a crucial role in processes of metabolism, including transcription, DNA replication and DNA damage repair. An evolutionarily conserved variant of histone H2A, called H2AX, is one of the key components of chromatin. H2AX becomes rapidly phosphorylated on chromatin surrounding DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Recent studies have shown that H2AX and other components of damaged chromatin also become modified by acetylation and ubiquitylation. This review discusses how specific combinations of histone modifications affect the accumulation and function of DNA repair factors (MDC1, RNF8, click here RNF168, 53BP1, BRCA1) and chromatin remodeling complexes (INO80, SWR1, TIP60-p400) at DSBs. These collectively regulate DSB repair and checkpoint arrest, avoiding

genomic instability and oncogenic transformation in higher eukaryotes.”
“Mammalian neurokinin-3 (NK3) receptors of the tachykinin family of neuropeptides have been shown to activate dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a midbrain area displaying dopaminergic dysfunctional activity in schizophrenia. The recent finding of NK3, receptors in VTA neuronal nucleus highlights a new level of neuromodulation, in addition to the traditional tachykinin-induced NK3 receptor internalization and activation of second messenger signaling pathways. The function of nuclear NK3 receptors is still unknown. TCL SAHA HDAC manufacturer It is also unclear how dopaminergic activation is affecting the NK3 receptor distribution in the VTA. In the present study, trafficking of the NK3 receptor in somatodendritic profiles of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons

of the rat VTA was investigated following acute systemic administration of the dopamine D-1/D-2 receptor agonist apomorphine. VTA sections were dual immunolabeled for the NK3 receptor (immunogold) and the dopamine synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, immunoperoxidase). Electron microscopic quantifications of somatic and dendritic densities of NK3 immunogold particles with or without TH immunolabeling were compared in vehicle-injected or apomorphine-injected rats. In dopaminergic (TH) neurons, apomorphine evoked a significant increase in NK3 receptor densities in cytoplasmic and nuclear portions of the soma. These changes were accompanied by a respective decrease and increase in plasmalemmal and cytoplamic NK3 receptor densities in dopaminergic dendrites. In non-TH neurons, presumably GABAergic neurons of the VTA, the NK3 receptor densities in somata and dendrites were not significantly altered by apomorphine. The results suggest that dopaminergic receptor activation is inducing a rapid mobilization of NK3 receptors in VTA dopaminergic neurons.

SEA0400 protected selleck against the dopaminergic neurotoxicity (determined by dopamine levels in the midbrain and striatum, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra and striatum, striatal dopamine release, and motor deficits) in MPTP-treated mice. SEA0400 had no radical-scavenging

activity. SEA0400 did not affect MPTP metabolism and MPTP-induced NO production and microglial activation, while it attenuated MPTP-induced increases in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and lipid peroxidation product, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance. These findings suggest that SEA0400 protects against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity probably by blocking ERK phosphorylation and lipid peroxidation which are downstream of NCX-mediated Ca2+ influx. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“It has been suggested that some E6 human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 variants could be involved in viral persistence and progression of HPV infection. A novel one-step allelic discrimination real-time PCR was evaluated for E6-350G variant detection in 102 endocervical HPV 16 positive samples. This assay was

also used to assess the distribution of this variant in Spanish women with cervical cancer related to HPV 16.

The detection limit for the allelic discrimination assay was 50 copies per reaction, even where the E6-350G variant represents only 20% of the variants in the sample. Complete concordance see more was observed between DNA sequencing and the novel AD RT-PCR assay. Fourteen E6-350T reference strains and 18 E6-350G variants were detected out of 32 endocervical samples from women with cervical cancer. The average age of women who were infected by the E6-350G HPV 16 variant was 10 years lower in these samples than in women who Osimertinib solubility dmso were infected by the reference strain.

This novel allelic discrimination assay is a fast, sensitive and specific method for detection of the E6-350G HPV 16 variant. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with progressive

memory loss. It has been shown that the cholinergic neurotransmission deficit is one of the neurochemical characteristics of AD, and that L-arginine and its metabolites also play a prominent role in AD pathogenesis. Scopolamine, a non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist, blocks cholinergic neurotransmission and impairs behavioural function, including learning and memory. This study investigated the effects of scopolamine on animals’ behavioural performance and L-arginine metabolism in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Rats were given intraperitoneal injections of scopolamine (0.8 mg/kg) or saline (1 ml/kg) and tested in the Y-maze, open field, water maze and elevated plus maze 30 min post-treatment.

Plasma homocysteine (Hcy), folate, and vitamin B12, as well as the C677T methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism, were studied in 33 patients with schizophrenia,

all free from antipsychotic treatment, and 35 age- and smoking-habit-matched healthy subjects as controls. Biochemical determinations selleck and psychometric evaluations were carried out in patients before the administration of antipsychotics. The prevalence of HHC was higher and plasma B12 vitamin was significantly lower in patients. There was no significant difference in genotypic distribution and allelic frequency of the C677T MTHFR polymorphism between groups. Hcy was significantly correlated to the ‘anhedonia-asociality’ subscales of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). This study showed an association between HHC and schizophrenia, especially with the negative symptoms of the disease. In the Tunisian population, HHC in schizophrenia seems to be linked Palbociclib in vivo to vitamin B12 deficiency, likely caused by a lack of dietary animal proteins. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The two-spotted

spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a worldwide pest species that overwinters as diapausing females. Cold hardening is presumed to start during diapause development to ensure the successful overwintering of this species. To address this hypothesis, we compared cold tolerance between non-diapausing and diapausing females. We measured supercooling point (SCP) and survival to acute cold stress by exposing the mites at a range of sub-zero temperatures (from -4 to -28 degrees C for 2 h). The mean SCPs of non-diapausing

and diapausing females were -19.6 +/- 0.5 and -24.7 +/- 0.3 degrees C respectively, and freezing killed the mites. Diapausing females were significantly more cold tolerant than non-diapausing ones, with LT50 of -19.7 and -13.3 degrees C. respectively. Further, we also examined the effects of cold acclimation (10 d at 0 or 5 degrees C) in non-diapausing and diapausing females. Our Staurosporine findings indicated that diapause decreased SCP significantly, while cold acclimation had no effect on the SCP except for non-diapausing females that were acclimated at 5 degrees C. Acclimation at 5 degrees C enhanced survival to acute cold stress in diapausing and non-diapausing females, with LT50 of -22.0 and -17.1 degrees C, respectively. Altogether, our results indicate that T. urticae is a chill tolerant species, and that diapause and cold acclimation elevate cold hardiness in this species. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Introduction: Alpha particles possess an exquisite degree of cytotoxicity when employed for targeted alpha-particle therapy (TAT) or radioimmunotherapy (RIT). Pb-212, which acts as an in vivo generator of the alpha-emitting nuclide Bi-212 has shown great promise in pre-clinical studies when used to label the HER2 binding antibody, trastuzumab.

With both methods, transplanted cells were found in the brain. The chick embryo provides a convenient, precisely-timed and unlimited supply of neural progenitors for therapy by transplantation, as well as constituting a fast and simple model in which to evaluate the ability of neural stem cell transplantation to repair neural damage, steps that are critical for progress toward therapeutic applications. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Both the sigma C and sigma B proteins of avian reovirus (ARV) can induce type- PS-341 molecular weight and group-specific neutralizing antibodies, respectively.

In this study, the full-length of S1133 sigma C, 1071-1 sigma C, S1133 sigma B, and S1133 sigma C-sigma B fusion genes of ARV were cloned intoa secreted vector pPICZ alpha LA and then integrated into the chromosome of Pichia pastoris for induced expression. Western blot assay showed that ARV sigma C, sigma B, and sigma C-sigma B fusion proteins were expressed and secreted into the medium. Two types of ELISA kits using equal mixtures of 1071-1 sigma C and S1133 sigma B and S1133 sigma C-sigma B fusion proteins as antigens were developed. After a checker board titration for optimal conditions, the cut-off values

of positive 3-MA in vivo results for the 1071-1 sigma C/S1133 sigma B and S1133 sigma C-sigma B ELISA kits were 0.24 and 0.12, respectively. Forty-four serum neutralization test-positive and twenty-eight serum neutralization-negative samples from vaccinated and commercial farm chickens were tested by the new ELISA kits and by the conventional ELISA. The new ELISA kits have higher positive rates than the conventional ELISA. The results revealed that the correlation

rates for the serum neutralization titer and the absorbance values with the new ELISA kits and the conventional ELISA were 100% and 95.8%, respectively. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND

Carotid-artery stenting and carotid endarterectomy are both options for treating carotid-artery stenosis, an important cause of stroke.

METHODS

We randomly assigned patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic carotid stenosis to Amino acid undergo carotid-artery stenting or carotid endarterectomy. The primary composite end point was stroke, myocardial infarction, or death from any cause during the periprocedural period or any ipsilateral stroke within 4 years after randomization.

RESULTS

For 2502 patients over a median follow-up period of 2.5 years, there was no significant difference in the estimated 4-year rates of the primary end point between the stenting group and the endarterectomy group (7.2% and 6.8%, respectively; hazard ratio with stenting, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.81 to 1.51; P = 0.51). There was no differential treatment effect with regard to the primary end point according to symptomatic status (P = 0.84) or sex (P = 0.34). The 4-year rate of stroke or death was 6.4% with stenting and 4.7% with endarterectomy (hazard ratio, 1.50; P = 0.

The number of neighboring C alpha atoms whose labels are the same is given as the QSE value of the center C alpha atom at hand. As evidenced by histograms that

show very different distributions selleckchem for different structure configurations, the proposed measure captures local properties that are characteristic for a residue’s eight-directional neighborhood within a sphere. Compared with other measures, QSE provides a different view of solvent exposure, and provides information that is specific for different tertiary structure. As the experimental results show, QSE measure can potentially be used in protein structure analysis and predictions.”
“Purpose: To better understand urological care delivery in rural communities, we evaluated the utilization, outcomes and costs of inpatient urological surgery at critical access hospitals.

Materials and Methods: Using data from the AHA (American Hospital Association) and NIS (Nationwide Inpatient Sample), we identified all urological surgical admissions to critical and noncritical access hospitals from 2005 through 2009. We compared the distribution of urological procedures, hospital mortality, length of stay and costs for patients

undergoing common urological operations at critical vs noncritical access hospitals.

Results: Of the 1,292 critical and 3,760 noncritical access Peptide 17 hospitals reporting to the AHA 450 (35%) and 1,372 (36%), respectively, had at least 1 year of data available Akt inhibitor in the NIS. We identified 333,925 urological surgical admissions, including 2,286 (0.7%) to critical access hospitals. Overall, at least 1 inpatient urological operation was performed at only 45% of critical access hospitals vs 91% of noncritical access hospitals (p <0.001). The distribution of urological surgeries differed

between critical and noncritical access hospitals (p <0.001) with a greater prevalence of operations for benign indications at critical access hospitals. For 6 common inpatient urological surgeries we found no meaningful difference in in-hospital mortality and prolonged length of stay between patients treated at critical vs noncritical access hospitals. However, costs at critical access hospitals were universally higher.

Conclusions: Inpatient urological surgery is performed at only a few critical access hospitals. While in-hospital mortality and length of stay are largely indistinguishable between critical and noncritical access hospitals, the higher costs at critical access hospitals may pose a challenge to improving rural access to urological care.”
“Identification and analysis of types of biological protein-protein interactions and their interfaces to predict obligate and non-obligate complexes is a problem that has drawn the attention of the research community in the past few years.